Childhood trauma increases the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in response to first-episode psychosis

Bendall, Sarah; Álvarez‐Jiménez, Mario; Hulbert, Carol; McGorry, Patrick D.; Jackson, Henry

doi:10.1177/0004867411430877

Cited by 61 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Prolonged experience of psychotic symptoms may also be seen as an ongoing trauma (Bendall et al, 2006). Second, the experience of childhood trauma has been found to render people more vulnerable to developing PTSD following an acute psychosis (Bendall et al, 2012), which also concurs with the earlier mentioned dose-response effect (Trauelsen et al, 2015). Finally, as mentioned earlier, the presence of comorbid PTSD can exacerbate psychotic symptoms and increase the risk of relapse.…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

The Experience of Childhood Trauma and Its Influence on the Course of Illness in First-Episode Psychosis

Jansen

Pedersen

Trauelsen

et al. 2016

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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Persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders often report high levels of childhood trauma, which often exacerbates symptoms and impede the process of recovery. However, little is known about how these traumas are experienced by service users and how they are integrated in their life stories. To examine this, we conducted in-depth interviews with 15 service users with a diagnosis of a first-episode nonaffective psychosis who had reported 1 or more childhood traumas in self-report measures. There was an unexpected discrepancy between the number of traumas reported in self-report measures and in semistructured interviews, and many of the traumas did not seem integrated in their personal narratives. The analyses further revealed that although participants often described complicated and traumatic childhood environments, they still felt supported by their families; they reported a range of ways in which they tried to cope with and gain control of their psychotic disorder, and they described a general optimistic view of the future.

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supporting

confidence: 73%

The Experience of Childhood Trauma and Its Influence on the Course of Illness in First-Episode Psychosis

Jansen

Pedersen

Trauelsen

et al. 2016

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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“…Addressing trauma identified by instruments such as the TEC could have clinical relevance, as the presence of childhood trauma appears to raise the possibility of post-psychosis posttraumatic stress disorder (Bendall et al, 2012). The consequences of childhood/adolescent trauma are far-reaching, and the TEC might be useful for a number of research questions, and potentially also for informing how we can improve recovery outcomes for young people with early-course psychotic disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring trauma and stressful events in childhood and adolescence among patients with first-episode psychosis: Initial factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Trauma Experiences Checklist

Cristofaro

Cleary

Wan

et al. 2013

Psychiatry Research

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Past trauma and stressful events, especially in childhood and adolescence, are common among individuals with serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Traumatic experiences are thought to be a socio-environmental risk factor not only for poorer outcomes, but also potentially for the onset of these disorders. Because improved measurement tools are needed, we developed and studied, among 205 first-episode psychosis patients, the factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and initial validity of the Trauma Experiences Checklist (TEC), our measure of trauma and stressful events during childhood/adolescence. We assessed validity of subscales using correlations with Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Parental Harsh Discipline, Violence Exposure, and TEC-Informant Version scores. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in two internally consistent subscales (Cronbach’s =0.79 and 0.80, respectively), interpersonal abuse and family stress, and violence, death, and legal involvement. Scores from the former subscale were substantially associated with CTQ-SF physical, emotional, and sexual abuse (r=0.42–0.57, all p<0.001) and Violence Exposure (r=0.49, p<0.001). On the other hand, violence, death, and legal involvement scores were most highly correlated with Violence Exposure (r=0.49, p<0.001), and not with most CTQ-SF subscales. The TEC is a potentially useful tool in assessing diverse traumatic life events across various social contexts during childhood and adolescence.

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“…Since then, over 17 studies have reported high rates of post-psychotic PTSD symptoms related to these experiences. These 17 studies have included 760 participants, primarily composed of non-affective psychotic disorders (2, 6, 10, 11, 15–27). Using a variety of assessment methods among inpatients and outpatients with psychosis, participants have been asked to respond to the questions based on their reactions toward potentially frightening psychotic symptoms and/or treatment experiences (i.e., negative aspects of treatment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Reactions to Psychosis: A Qualitative Analysis

Mueser

Rosenberg

et al. 2017

Front. Psychiatry

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The current study aimed to evaluate the potentially traumatic aspects of psychotic symptoms and psychiatric treatment of psychosis using qualitative methods. Participants included 63 people with first episode psychosis or multiple psychotic episodes recruited from an inpatient psychiatric unit and an urban state psychiatric hospital in the North East region of the United States. Quasi-structured interviews were used to explore those aspects of symptoms and treatment that were perceived as traumatic Emotional reactions to the most traumatic aspect of symptoms and treatment, during and after the event, were also examined. Participants described a number of traumatogenic aspects of psychotic symptoms, including frightening hallucinations; suicidal thought/attempts, thoughts/attempts to hurt others; paranoia/delusions and bizarre/disorganized behavior or catatonia. Traumatic aspects of psychosis elicited emotions including anger, sadness and confusion, anxiety, and numbness at the time of event. Furthermore, many participants found aspects of treatment to be traumatic, including: being forced to stay in the hospital for a long time; experiencing upsetting side-effects; coercive treatments, including involuntary hospitalization, use of restraints, and forced medication; being exposed to aggressive patients; and mistreatment by professionals. These experiences elicited emotions of anger, sadness, distrust, and a sense of helplessness. Study findings suggest that the experiences both of psychotic symptoms and psychiatric treatment, potentially traumatic, can be a powerful barrier to engaging people in mental health services and facilitating recovery. Clinical implications were discussed.

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Childhood trauma increases the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in response to first-episode psychosis

Cited by 61 publications

References 23 publications

The Experience of Childhood Trauma and Its Influence on the Course of Illness in First-Episode Psychosis

The Experience of Childhood Trauma and Its Influence on the Course of Illness in First-Episode Psychosis

Measuring trauma and stressful events in childhood and adolescence among patients with first-episode psychosis: Initial factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Trauma Experiences Checklist

Posttraumatic Reactions to Psychosis: A Qualitative Analysis

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