Children at Risk for Schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study

Marcus, Joseph; Hans, Sydney L.; Auerbach, Judith G.; Auerbach, Aaron G.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220053006

Cited by 134 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Although the concept of developmental delay in neurobehavioral functioning as a precursor of adult substance dependence has not previously been documented, research to date on children at high-risk for developing schizophrenia generally supports the conclusion originally drawn by Fish (1977) that neurobehavioral abnormalities are indicators of an inherited neurointegrative defect that is a precursor of schizophrenia. Neurobehavioral deficits in school-age children of schizophrenic parents have been documented (Marcus et al 1993). Included among the neurobehavioral deficits seen in these children at high-risk for developing schizophrenia were soft neurologic signs including perceptual deficits and poor motor maturity, deficits which have also been reported in other studies of high-risk children (Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al 1982;Hanson et al 1976;Marcus et al 1985;Rieder and Nichols, 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Developmental changes in postural sway in children at high and low risk for developing alcohol-related disorders

Hill

Shen

Locke

et al. 2000

Biological Psychiatry

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Introduction Several studies have investigated differences in postural sway between individuals at high and low risk for alcoholism, either in a baseline condition (Hegedus et al 1984;Hill and Steinhauer 1993b;Hill et al 1987), or both at baseline and following administration of varying doses of alcohol (Behar et al 1983;Lex et al 1988;Lipscomb et al 1979;McCaul et al 1991;Nagoshi and Wilson 1987;O'Malley and Maisto 1985;Schuckit 1985). Five studies have found differences in the amount of sway produced by high-risk in contrast to low-risk subjects (Hegedus et al 1984;Hill and Steinhauer 1993b;Hill et al 1987;Lester and Carpenter 1985;Lipscomb et al 1979). Results of studies assessing postural sway following alcohol consumption in persons at high or low risk for developing alcoholism have varied in outcome, with some showing greater sway in high-risk persons (McCaul et al 1991), while others have found lesser sway (Lex et al 1988;Schuckit 1985). None of these studies found differences between the family history positive and negative groups at baseline, however. It is of interest that those studies finding baseline differences all involved minor children except for one report (Lipscomb et al 1979). Therefore, the age of the subjects tested appears to be an important factor in detecting baseline differences in sway.The human postural control system is highly complex, involving the integration of information from three sensory systems: proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular, with adjustment of postural muscles maintaining body posture in response to these sensory inputs (Ghez 1991;Nashner and McCollum 1985). All of the sensory afferents converge toward the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem, where they are integrated and result in induction of the motor reflex responses. Motor control similarly involves multiple influences, including stretch receptors and long loop reflexes, which are influenced by supraspinal input from higher motor control programs. Thus, stability during upright stance depends on vestibular function and to a large extent, vestibulospinal function. However, stability also depends on sensory input including vision, somatosensation, and motor control, especially that concerned with the lower extremities and the trunk (Furman 1995). Due to the importance of vision and the oculomotor control involved in maintaining balance, closing the eyes during performance of balance tests increases sway both in a no alcohol condition (Hill and Steinhauer 1993b;Hill et (Ledin and Odkvist 1991). Results of these studies suggest the importance of vestibular and oculomotor integration.As is the case with other types of motor performance, balance appears to improve with age in children (Odenrick and Sandstedt 1984;Usui et al 1995) and decline with advancing age in older adults (Perrin et al 1997;Schultz et al 1997). In children, postural sway has been shown to decrease markedly between the ages of 3 and 5 years and then slowly after age 6, with boys showing more sway under the age of 10 than girls (Usui et al 1995).Bec...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Developmental changes in postural sway in children at high and low risk for developing alcohol-related disorders

Hill

Shen

Locke

et al. 2000

Biological Psychiatry

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“…Similarly, Rieder and Nichols (19) and Marcus and colleagues (20) found more neuromotor impairment among high-risk boys than highrisk girls. Differences between boys and girls on the neuromotor scale may suggest differences in vulnerability to disruption of the early neural development responsible for neuromotor functioning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Childhood Videotaped Social and Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia: A Prospective Investigation

Schiffman

Walker²,

Ekstrøm³

et al. 2004

AJP

146

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Objective:The authors examined videotaped behaviors of children who developed schizophrenia as adults and of comparison subjects to disclose possible social and neuromotor deficits foreshadowing later development of schizophrenia. Method:In 1972, a sample of 265 11-13-year-old Danish children were filmed under standardized conditions while they were eating lunch. The examination was part of a larger study investigating early signs of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Many of the subjects had a parent with schizophrenia, leaving them at high risk for developing a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. In 1991, adult psychiatric outcome data were obtained for 91.3% (N=242). This study systematically analyzed the videotapes to determine whether the children who developed schizophrenia as adults evidenced greater social and/or neuromotor deficits than children who did not develop a psychiatric disorder and children who developed other psychiatric disorders. Results:The findings from this study suggest that the brief videotaped footage of children eating lunch was able to discriminate between the individuals who later developed schizophrenia and those who did not. Specifically, the preschizophrenia children evidenced differences on measures of sociability and general neuromotor functioning (among boys) from the children who developed other psychiatric disorders and the children who did not develop a psychiatric disorder. Conclusions:Social and neuromotor deficits specific to children who develop schizophrenia in adulthood provide further support for a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. The majority of individuals with schizophrenia manifest the illness in the second or third decade of life (1), yet subclinical signs of neuropathology are already evident during adolescence (2) and possibly as early as birth and infancy (3-5). Although some research suggests that the early signs of schizophrenia are nonspecific and that no one sign predicts schizophrenia uniquely and effectively (6), other studies indicate that both social and neuromotor abnormalities in childhood are reliable developmental precursors of the disorder.Social deficits exhibited before the onset of schizophrenia suggest that interpersonal difficulties precede recognizable psychotic symptoms. A unique study by Walker and colleagues (7) evaluated childhood home movies of schizophrenia patients and comparison subjects. The authors reported that girls who later developed schizophrenia showed fewer expressions of joy than did same-sex comparison subjects from infancy through adolescence; preschizophrenia boys showed nonsignificantly more negative expressions in preadolescence and early adolescence.Longitudinal study of "high-risk" individuals (those having at least one parent with schizophrenia) provides an alternative opportunity to view the developmental course of schizophrenia. Several investigations have followed high-risk subjects through the age of risk, providing information regarding premorbid functioning and adult diagnostic outcome. In an inve...

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“…In particular, a higher frequency of externalizing, or disruptive behavior disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD; conduct disorder, CD and oppositional defiant disorder, ODD) have been described (Keshavan et al, 2003b;Marcus et al, 1993;Rieder and Nichols, 1979;Ross and Compagnon, 2001;Silverton et al, 1988). These disorders have been collectively termed "externalizing" disorders and have been reported to indicate poorer outcome in subjects at risk for schizophrenia in early studies (Garmezy, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychopathology among offspring of parents with schizophrenia: Relationship to premorbid impairments

Keshavan¹,

Montrose²,

Rajarethinam³

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Research

104

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Introduction-A broad range of psychopathology, including externalizing disorders is seen in offspring at genetic risk for schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether such psychopathology may underlie a higher predisposition to the premorbid antecedents of schizophrenia. We examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology in an ongoing study of offspring genetically at risk for schizophrenia.Methods-Seventy five consenting high risk offspring (HR: offspring, age 15.68±3.27 years; male/female 34/41) and 82 matched comparison subjects (40 males and 42 females; age 15.92±3.0 years) participated in this study. Diagnoses were ascertained using structured psychiatric interviews and consensus meetings, including all available clinical information.Results-Sixty (60%) of the HR offspring had one or more lifetime diagnosis of axis I psychiatric disorder. HR subjects with axis I psychopathology had significantly more soft neurological signs, poorer premorbid adjustment, and higher schizotypy scores as measured by Chapman psychosis proneness scales. Among those with psychopathology, HR subjects with externalizing disorders showed the most abnormal scores in schizotypy.Discussion-A substantial proportion of HR offspring of parents with schizophrenia manifest a broad range of childhood psychiatric disorders. Psychopathology, especially externalizing disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may represent a subgroup with an increased risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This possibility needs to be examined by prospective follow-up studies, and would be of considerable importance to early diagnosis and intervention efforts in schizophrenia.

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Children at Risk for Schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study

Cited by 134 publications

References 65 publications

Developmental changes in postural sway in children at high and low risk for developing alcohol-related disorders

Developmental changes in postural sway in children at high and low risk for developing alcohol-related disorders

Childhood Videotaped Social and Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia: A Prospective Investigation

Psychopathology among offspring of parents with schizophrenia: Relationship to premorbid impairments

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