Children exposure to atmospheric particles in indoor of Lisbon primary schools

Almeida, Susana Marta; Canha, Nuno; Silva, Ana; Freitas, Maria do Carmo Duarte; Pegas, Priscilla; Alves, Célia; Evtyugina, Margarita; Pio, Casimiro

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.052

Cited by 228 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This indicates that the main source of PM 2.5-10 indoors are human activities such as walking and cleaning that lead to resuspension of previously deposited larger sized particles. For instance, Almeida et al (2011) andMajumdar et al (2011) have carried out studies on school classrooms and found that concentration of PM 2.5-10 increased by 50-100% in the classrooms due to physical activities of students, resulting in resuspension of particles deposited on classroom floors. Likewise, Gomes et al (2007) have carried out an experimental chamber study to simulate the influence of occupant's walking on particle resuspension at various floor types.…”

Section: I/o Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mix-use commercial building in megacity Delhi

Goyal

Kumar

2013

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Three naturally and six mechanically ventilated microenvironments (MEs) of a mixed use commercial building in Delhi are used to study indoor-outdoor (I/O) relationships of particulate matter ≤10µm (PM 10 ), ≤2.5µm (PM 2.5 ) and ≤1µm (PM 1 ). Effect of environmental and occupancy parameters on the concentrations of PM during working and non-working hours (i.e. activity and non-activity periods, respectively) are also investigated. Average outdoor concentration of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found to exceed the 24 hour averaged national standard values, showing a polluted environment surrounding the studied building. During the working hours, indoor PM 10 concentration was found 6-10 times, both PM 2.5 and PM 1 were 1.5-2 times, higher than the non-working hours in the selected MEs. The variations of indoor concentrations were highest (17.1-601.2 µg/m 3 ) for PM 10 compared with PM 2.5 (16.9-102.6 µg/m 3 ) and PM 1.0 (10.6-63.6 µg/m 3 ). The I/O for PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 varied from 0.37-3.1, 0.2-3.2 and 0.17-2.9, respectively. The results suggest highest I/O for PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1 as 3.1, 2.15 and 1.76, respectively, in all the three natural ventilated MEs (canteen, kitchen, reception). Irrespective of PM types, the average I/O was <1 for mechanically ventilated MEs compared with >1 for naturally ventilated MEs. As opposed to PM 1 , better correlation (r >0.6) was noted between indoor PM 10 , PM 2.5 and CO 2 concentrations in most of the airtight MEs.

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Section: I/o Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mix-use commercial building in megacity Delhi

Goyal

Kumar

2013

Air Qual Atmos Health

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“…Particulate matter is one of the most important pollutants in indoor air. In spite of the various studies performed worldwide to assess the pupils' exposure to indoor particles, only a few aimed at characterising their chemical composition and most of them were mainly focused on the elemental content (e.g., Kuruvilla et al, 2007;Molnár et al, 2007;Stranger et al, 2008;Almeida et al, 2011;Tran et al, 2012). Comparatively almost nothing is known about the organic matter in particulate matter, which can encompass irritant, carcinogenic and/or mutagenic compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor/Outdoor Relationships between PM10 and Associated Organic Compounds in a Primary School

Alves

Urban

Pegas

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Airborne particulate matter (PM 10 ) samples were collected daily, indoors and outdoors, in a primary school at Aveiro, Portugal, from February 28 to May 27, 2011. The carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon) was determined by a thermo-optical technique. The organic speciation of PM 10 was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean PM 10 levels of 107 and 36 µg/m 3 were obtained in the schoolroom and outdoors, respectively. On average, organic carbon accounted for 30.0% of the mass of PM 10 indoors, whereas a lower mass fraction of 21.3% was found outdoors. The lack of correlation between indoor and outdoor organic carbon and the much higher indoor levels suggest significant contributions by indoor sources. The most abundant organic compound classes were acids, sugars, polyols and n-alkanes. Infiltration of outdoor particles leads to contamination of the schoolroom with vehicle emissions, as well as emissions related to the burning of biofuel in nearby restaurants and bakeries. However, the much higher indoor concentrations than in the outdoor air for the majority of compounds suggest that the origin of much of the particulate matter is from within the school building (due to school activities and materials, skin debris, microorganisms, and so on), and this also includes the formation of secondary organic aerosols. Based on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a negligible cancer risk was estimated in relation to the air within the school.

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“…8 Athletes and the common individual that practice sport present a higher risk of contact with bioaerosols and pollution due to the fact that 1. the minute ventilation could proportionally enhance the quantity of inhaled pollutants; 2. most of the air is inhaled through the mouth, bypassing the normal nasal mechanisms of filtration of larger particles and 3. the increased airflow velocity would carry pollutants deeper into the respiratory tract. 9 However, despite the importance of healthy air in sport facilities, indoor air quality (IAQ) studies have been focused principally on schools, [10][11][12][13][14][15] elderly care centres, [16][17][18][19] homes 20 and offices. 21,22 Comparatively, IAQ evaluations carried out in fitness centres (not school gymnasiums) are very scarce and few have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the fungal and bacterial microflora and concentrations in fitness centres

Ramos

Viegas

Verde

et al. 2016

Indoor and Built Environment

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Fitness centres are special places where conditions for microbiological proliferation should be considered. Moisture due to human perspiration and water condensation as a result of human physical activities are prevalent in this type of buildings. Exposure to microbial contaminants is clinically associated with respiratory disorders and people who work out in polluted environments would be susceptible to contaminants. This work studied the indoor air contamination in three gymnasiums in Lisbon. The sampling was performed at two periods: at the opening (morning) and closing (night) of the three gymnasiums. The airborne bacterial and fungal populations were sampled by impaction directly onto Tryptic Soy Agar (for bacteria) and Malt Extract Agar (for fungi) plates, using a Merck MAS-100 air sampler. Higher bacterial concentrations were found at night as compared to the morning but the same behaviour was not found for fungal concentrations. Gram-negative catalase positive cocci were the dominant bacteria in indoor air samples of the studied gymnasiums. In this study, 21 genera/species of fungal colonies were identified. Chrysosporium sp., Chrysonilia sp., Neoscytalidium hialinum, Sepedonium sp. and Penicillium sp. were the most prevalent species identified in the morning, while Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Chrysosporium sp., Acremonium sp. and Chrysonilia sp. were more prevalent at night. A well-designed sanitation and maintenance program for gymnasiums is needed to ensure healthier space for indoor physical activity.

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Children exposure to atmospheric particles in indoor of Lisbon primary schools

Cited by 228 publications

References 27 publications

Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mix-use commercial building in megacity Delhi

Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mix-use commercial building in megacity Delhi

Indoor/Outdoor Relationships between PM10 and Associated Organic Compounds in a Primary School

Characterizing the fungal and bacterial microflora and concentrations in fitness centres

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