Historical findings on the nature of childhood in early modern times (1450- 1800) are compared for three national cases: England, France, and the American Colonies. The intellectual context for the study is the issue of modernity and the family: After some three decades of concentrated study, what can we now say about the origins of modern forms of childhood? A set of outstanding facts regarding the transformation of childhood are presented. On most measures, the cases of the American Colonics and England developed modern forms prior to their devlopment in France. The single exception was the earlier experience of fertility declines in France. A multidimentional theory of childhood change is presented which posits that ecological, political-economic, and ideological conditions are each necessary to the development of the full range of aspects that make-up modern childhood.