Children’s Work and Mothers’ Work––What is the Connection?

DeGraff, Deborah S.; Levison, Deborah

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.006

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Also, the mother equation has an error structure that allows for correlation between the mother and child equations. Our multilevel bivariate probit model for mothers' employment and children's school attendance represents a methodological novelty with respect to the bivariate probit model used for the analysis of mothers' employment and children's employment in Brazil by DeGraff and Levison (2009). Consistent with the argument that anti-poverty programs that target women's employment could result in increased child labor, they find substantial evidence of positive correlation between the two outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…In a simple family labor supply model, apart from their own income and substitution effects of a change in their own wage, each family member's labor supply is potentially affected by crosssubstitution and income effects arising from a change in the other members' wages (DeGraff and Levison, 2009). When family resources are pooled together, as the wage increases for any family member, the income effect considered alone would induce the other family members to increase their consumption of non-market work time (total available time minus time spent working in the market) and decrease hours worked in the market.…”

Section: Research Background and Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, earnings data from other surveys for India (and also for other countries) are generally not very reliable or present strong limitations. DeGraff and Levison (2009), for example, assert that labor income is generally not considered to be reliably measured in the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) 2001 for Brazil and prefer to construct a linear index for wealth. 12 The wealth index takes into account almost all household assets and utility services.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies show that children who are paid for their work may earn up to one fifth of family income (see, for example, DeGraff and Levison, 2009). Even when involved in unpaid activities, children substitute for other family members in household work or work for the family business, allowing adults to employ their time in the labor market (Cigno and Rosati, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mothers’ Employment and their Children’s Schooling: A Joint Multilevel Analysis for India

2013

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This paper studies the relationship between mothers' employment and children's schooling in India. Using the second National Family Health Survey, the results of a multilevel probit model show that the correlation between mothers' employment and their children's schooling is negative. Women in poorer households are more likely to work but, given the negative correlation, their additional income does not seem sufficient to enable children's school attendance. A sensitivity analysis on wealth deciles shows that this negative relationship disappears in urban areas and becomes weaker in rural areas at the top wealth deciles. JEL Classification: J13; J22; O15; O18.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Research Background and Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mothers’ Employment and their Children’s Schooling: A Joint Multilevel Analysis for India

2013

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“…There are counter-examples where economic opportunities have not impacted on girls' work. Degraff andLevison (2009, p. 1582) suggest that while mothers entering the labour market in Brazil increases the likelihood that their children will work, this is because children follow their example, rather than because they take over their caring role. Nonetheless, if there is no childcare, as is the case on most PSNP or NREGS work sites, it seems likely that older girls will be pulled away from other activities to care for siblings.…”

Section: What Do We Know So Far About the Factors That Affect Girls' mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growing Up in Ethiopia and Andhra Pradesh: The Impact of Social Protection Schemes on Girls’ Roles and Responsibilities

Camfield

2013

Eur J Dev Res

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The focus of this article is the effect on adolescent girls' roles and responsibilities of public works schemes or cash transfers, which are the main forms of social protection in developing countries. Increasing participation in social protection is intended to enhance the development of girls in participating households, but evidence on their school participation and workloads suggests that the reverse may be happening. The article probes what happens to girls' roles and responsibilities when households participate in social protection schemes in rural Ethiopia and Andhra Pradesh. It argues that effects are complex, and often context-specific; however, the assumption that 'beneficiaries' benefit means that negative impacts are rarely acknowledged. The article combines a review of other papers addressing the effects of social protection on children's work with analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, recognising that this question cannot be answered with a methodology that considers girls' schooling or workloads in isolation.Ce papier s'intéresse à l'effet, sur les rôles et responsabilités des adolescentes, des programmes de travaux publics et des transferts en espèces, qui constituent les principales formes de protection sociale dans les pays en développement. Augmenter la participation aux régimes de protection sociale vise, notamment, à favoriser le développement des filles appartenant aux ménages participant à ces programmes, mais des données sur leur scolarisation et leurs charges de travail suggèrent que l'inverse peut se produire. L'article examine en quoi les rôles et responsabilités des filles se modifient lorsque les ménages adhèrent à des régimes de protection sociale en Éthiopie rurale et dans l'Andhra Pradesh. Il indique que les effets sont complexes et dépendent souvent du contexte; toutefois, le principe selon lequel les « bénéficiaires » bénéficient implique que leurs impacts négatifs sont rarement reconnus. L'article associe une revue d'autres études portant sur les effets de la protection sociale sur le travail des enfants à une analyse de données quantitatives et qualitatives, et reconnaît que cette question ne peut être abordée en considérant séparément la scolarité et le travail des filles.

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In Harm's Way: Children's Work in Risky Occupations in Brazil

DeGraff

Ferro

Levison

2015

J of Intl Development

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There were large numbers of child workers in domestic services, street work, construction and selected areas of agricultural production in Brazil at the turn of the century. These kinds of occupations are often problematic for youth. We show that children engaged in these risky categories of work are more disadvantaged than other employed children and non-employed children. Results from a large representative survey show that children in 'risky' work are more likely to have parents also engaged in hazardous activities or be living without both parents, characteristics that may be useful for targeting policy.

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Children’s Work and Mothers’ Work––What is the Connection?

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Mothers’ Employment and their Children’s Schooling: A Joint Multilevel Analysis for India

Mothers’ Employment and their Children’s Schooling: A Joint Multilevel Analysis for India

Growing Up in Ethiopia and Andhra Pradesh: The Impact of Social Protection Schemes on Girls’ Roles and Responsibilities

In Harm's Way: Children's Work in Risky Occupations in Brazil

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