Children with autism spectrum disorder: Pilot studies examining the salivary microbiome and implications for gut metabolism and social behavior

Forsyth, Anna; Raslan, Kareem; Lyashenko, Claudia; Bona, Samantha; Snow, Michael; Khor, Brandon; Herrman, Elisa; Ortiz, Stephanie; Choi, Dongseok; Maier, Tom; Machida, Curtis A.

doi:10.1016/j.humic.2019.100066

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…ASD is a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders (including impaired social interaction, communication, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviors) with evidence of genetic predisposition [125]. Intestinal imbalance and compositional changes in gut microbiome in ASD patients are reported.…”

Section: Autism Spectrum Disorders (Asd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome

2020

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The relationship between diet and the diversity and function of the intestinal microbiome and its importance for human health is currently the subject of many studies. The type and proportion of microorganisms found in the intestines can determine the energy balance of the host. Intestinal microorganisms perform many important functions, one of which is participation in metabolic processes, e.g., in the production of short-chain fatty acids—SCFAs (also called volatile fatty acids). These acids represent the main carbon flow from the diet to the host microbiome. Maintaining intestinal balance is necessary to maintain the host’s normal health and prevent many diseases. The results of many studies confirm the beneficial effect of probiotic microorganisms on the balance of the intestinal microbiome and produced metabolites, including SCFAs. The aim of this review is to summarize what is known on the effects of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microbes. In addition, the mechanism of formation and properties of these metabolites is discussed and verified test results confirming the effectiveness of probiotics in human nutrition by modulating SCFAs production by intestinal microbiome is presented.

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Section: Autism Spectrum Disorders (Asd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome

2020

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“…Such condition-specific zero-inflation is commonly used in a number of popular software packages [33] , [20] , [25] , [16] , [27] . Moreover, the zero-inflated model we use here has been used in multiple studies to conduct differential expression analysis [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] . We refer to these two models respectively as the Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) and Negative Binomial (NB) models (see Section 6 for more details).…”

Section: Real Data Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naught all zeros in sequence count data are the same

Silverman

Roche

Mukherjee

et al. 2020

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal

117

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“…Kong et al [ 41 ] identified an unspecified oral Bacilli genus, the relative abundance of which was significantly different between the ASD and control groups. All the studies confirmed that the oral microbiome composition analyzed from saliva (or even plaque) collected from autistic patients distinguished them from typically developing counterparts [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 88 ]. Hicks et al [ 40 ] proved that three of the microbial ratios distinguish ASD children with GI disturbances from those without, as well as ASD children from developmentally delayed children in which ASD was one of the possible diagnoses before undergoing a full diagnostic assessment.…”

Section: Saliva In Asd Researchmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Regarding the composition of the oral microbiome of ASD patients, Rothia species were found to be statistically more prevalent in children with ASD. Megasphaera, Moraxella, Neisseria, and Gemella species were, on the contrary, found at significantly lower levels [ 88 ]. In general, in the saliva samples of children with ASD, a lower bacterial diversity is observed than in their healthy counterparts.…”

Section: Saliva In Asd Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review

Janšáková

Kyselicová

Ostatníková

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is based on a behavioral analysis of the suspected individual. Despite intensive research, no specific and valid biomarker has been identified for ASD, but saliva, with its advantages such as non-invasive collection, could serve as a suitable alternative to other body fluids. As a source of nucleic acid of both human and microbial origin, protein and non-protein molecules, saliva offers a complex view on the current state of the organism. Additionally, the use of salivary markers seems to be less complicated not only for ASD screening but also for revealing the etiopathogenesis of ASD, since enrolling neurotypical counterparts willing to participate in studies may be more feasible. The aim of the presented review is to provide an overview of the current research performed on saliva in relation to ASD, mutual complementing, and discrepancies that result in difficulties applying the observed markers in clinical practice. We emphasize the methodological limitations of saliva collection and processing as well as the lack of information regarding ASD diagnosis, which is critically discussed.

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Children with autism spectrum disorder: Pilot studies examining the salivary microbiome and implications for gut metabolism and social behavior

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome

The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome

Naught all zeros in sequence count data are the same

Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review

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