Children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy display specific kinematic strategies during obstacle-crossing

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness with increased neuromechanical challenge and fall risks, especially during obstructed locomotion. This study aimed to identify the kinematic strategies for obstacle-crossing in DMD via synthesizing the changes in the joint kinematics and associated end-point control. Fourteen boys with DMD (age: 9.0 ± 2.5 years) and fourteen typically developed controls (age: 9.0 ± 2.8 years) each crossed obstacles of three different heights (10%, 20% and 30% of leg length) while the angular motions of the trunk-pelvis-leg apparatus and foot-obstacle clearances were measured. Two-way analyses of variance were used to analyze group and obstacle height effects. Compared to the controls, the DMD group crossed obstacles with significantly increased step width, but decreased crossing speed, crossing step length, trailing toe-obstacle clearance and leading heel-obstacle horizontal distance (p < 0.05). When the leading toe was above the obstacle, the patients showed significantly increased pelvic hiking, pelvic and trunk anterior tilt and ankle plantarflexion, but decreased hip flexion in both limbs (p < 0.05). Similar kinematic changes were found during trailing-limb crossing, except for an additional increase in swing-hip abduction and decrease in contralateral trunk side-bending and stance-knee flexion. Patients with DMD crossed obstacles via a specific kinematic strategy with altered end-point control, predisposing them to a greater risk of tripping during trailing-limb crossing. These results suggest that crossing kinematics in DMD should be monitored—especially in the proximal segments of the pelvis-leg apparatus—that may lead to an increased risk of falling.

Recurrent Neural Network Methods for Extracting Dynamic Balance Variables during Gait from a Single Inertial Measurement Unit

“…In a university hospital gait laboratory, each participant wore thirty-nine infrared retroreflective markers attached to specific anatomical landmarks and an IMU (Xsens, Enschede, The Netherlands) on the waist [62,63] (Figure 1). The IMU was attached to the surface of the sacrum at the mid-point of the two PSIS's such that the positive x-axis of the IMU embedded coordinate system was directed anteriorly and the positive y-axis superiorly (Figures 1 and 2).…”