China-Gulf Economic Relationship under the “Belt and Road” Initiative

Qian, Xukun; Fulton, Jonathan

doi:10.1080/25765949.2017.12023306

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…During this meeting the two sides laid out a 3‐year action plan targeting several ambitious cooperation initiatives, including the completion of the FTA. During Xi's 2016 state visit to Riyadh he emphasized China's desire to see a completed agreement in 2017, and a round of four talks were held throughout the year (Qian & Fulton, 2017, pp. 16–17).…”

Section: Bri Cooperation Priorities As a Framework For Bilateral Relamentioning

confidence: 99%

Situating Saudi Arabia in China's Belt and Road Initiative

Fulton

2020

Asian Politics and Policy

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Saudi Arabia's geostrategic location and role as a Middle East regional power, combined with its ambitious Saudi Vision 2030 development plan, make it an important Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) partner for China, which has become Saudi Arabia's largest trading partner. Despite mutual interests, the role of the United States as the dominant power in the Persian Gulf region means that the Sino-Saudi Arabia relationship must be managed in such a way that it does not directly challenge Washington. This article argues that China has followed a strategic hedging approach in developing its relations with Saudi Arabia, focusing on the economic and developmental goals of the BRI and Saudi Vision 2030 to avoid antagonizing the United States (US) while taking advantage of US regional security commitments.

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Section: Bri Cooperation Priorities As a Framework For Bilateral Relamentioning

confidence: 99%

Situating Saudi Arabia in China's Belt and Road Initiative

Fulton

2020

Asian Politics and Policy

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“…First discussed in 2004 under the umbrella of an Economy, Trade, Investment, and Technology Cooperation Framework Agreement, the FTA negotiations have been characterised by bursts of activity followed by long periods of dormancy. 25 During Xi's 2016 state visit the FTA was given new momentum, followed by four rounds of talks that year. 26 However, the ongoing dispute between Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt and Qatar make negotiating a multilateral agreement through the GCC impossible until there is a resolution.…”

Section: The Two Wingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

China-Saudi Arabia Relations Through the ‘1 + 2+3’ Cooperation Pattern

Fulton

2020

Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies

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2020 marks the 30th anniversary of China-Saudi Arabia diplomatic relations, and over this time the relationship has evolved from one of marginal significance to a comprehensive strategic partnership. As China's role in the Middle East expands, the partnership with Saudi Arabia will increase in importance. This article analyses the bilateral relationship by using the '1 þ 2 þ 3' cooperation pattern as a framework. Introduced during the 2014 China-Arab States Cooperation Forum, this pattern articulates the cooperation priorities Beijing will focus on while engaging with Arab states: energy, trade and investment, infrastructure, nuclear energy, space satellite, and renewable energy. By analysing levels of China-Saudi cooperation through the '1 þ 2 þ 3' we can determine the relative success of the initiative, anticipate the near-term trajectory of the bilateral relationship, and develop a framework for measuring China's relations with other key states in the Middle East.

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“…To be more precise, China has resorted to strategic partnerships instead of broad alliances. It is believed that “whereas alliances can potentially expose states to a high degree of risk, partnerships are perceived as more interest‐driven and flexible relations; the partnership denotes a shared commitment to managing unavoidable conflicts so that they could continue to work together on vital areas of common interest” (Goldstein, ; Qian & Fulton, ).…”

Section: The Bri In Central Asia and The Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a number of regional organizations exist in the Middle East, their inability to deal with regional conflicts or to build consensus among member states has led China to see them merely as a vehicle to pursue bilateral cooperation (Qian & Fulton, ). The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), established in 1981, is an example.…”

Section: The Bri In Central Asia and The Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

China's Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and the Middle East

Hoh

2019

Digest Mid East Studies

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China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aims at connecting the continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa through a combination of infrastructure projects and soft‐power programs. All of the six land bridges and maritime routes under the BRI extend westward, mostly passing through Central Asia and the Middle East on land or by sea. Cooperation with countries in these regions will, according to China's design, meet its domestic energy needs, and grow the country's economy. China recognizes, however, that in Central Asia and the Middle East, the risks posed by what it calls the “Three Evils” — terrorism, extremism, and separatism can impact the success of the BRI. They can also impact stability in its own adjacent areas, including Xinjiang. Therefore, in concert with the BRI, China is also identifying and deploying bilateral and multilateral diplomatic mechanisms aimed at security coordination with BRI countries in these two volatile regions. This article provides an overview of BRI developments in the two regions and examines some of the diplomatic mechanisms China is using to coordinate security and reduce risks.

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China-Gulf Economic Relationship under the “Belt and Road” Initiative

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Situating Saudi Arabia in China's Belt and Road Initiative

Situating Saudi Arabia in China's Belt and Road Initiative

China-Saudi Arabia Relations Through the ‘1 + 2+3’ Cooperation Pattern

China's Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and the Middle East

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