China, Japan, and The Clash of Nationalisms

Chan, Che Po; Bridges, Brian

doi:10.1353/apr.2006.0031

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Soh (2005, 149) has identified an "intensely ethnonationalistic complex of Korean self-image as both victim and victor vis-à-vis Japan" in history-related protests. In Sino-Japanese relations, reactive nationalisms-perceived by the other side as assertive-have been mutually stimulating each other (Chan and Bridges 2006). For citizens of both countries, activities against Japan's perceived whitewashing of its history may be seen and justified as a "patriotic duty," grounded in anticolonial/anti-imperialist traditions (Soh 2005;Klein 2005).…”

Section: Emergence and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective

Schneider

2008

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Scie

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107Controversy over the inadequate presentation of Japan's colonial and wartime past in the country's history textbooks is one of the most protracted, notorious, and politically relevant "history problems" currently troubling East Asia. This article provides an overview of the controversy's evolution since 1982, situating it in changing domestic and regional contexts, analyzing its particularities and interrelations with other controversial issues, and evaluating its impacts on textbooks and societies at large. It shows how increased domestic and foreign scrutiny and contestation have triggered cycles of greater openness, conservative counterreactions, subsequent backlashes, and renewed debate in the field of textbooks and have overall contributed both to reinforcements and to reconsiderations of foreign relations in the region.

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Section: Emergence and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective

Schneider

2008

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Scie

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“…1 In numerous unresolved historical disputes between China, Japan, and South Korea concerning wartime atrocities, national pride has been blamed as a cause. In April 2005, when anti-Japanese mass movements broke out in more than thirty Chinese cities following then-Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, 2 pundits emphasized the elements of national pride that still plague the countries' relations well into the twenty-first century (Chan and Bridges 2006). When Japanese and South Korean civil society clashed over a statue commemorating wartime sex slaves, or "comfort women," commentators highlighted the "deep [ .…”

Section: Are Strong National Identitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beijing tried to limit the activities of anti-Japanese activists and used more policemen to prevent and disband demonstrations. On university campuses, seminars were held to educate students to be practical in their attitudes toward Japan (Chan and Bridges 2006). However, there are Chinese youths and nongovernmental actors who are patriotic and hold strong resentment against Japan, although they have never experienced war firsthand (Pei 2010).…”

Section: The History Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chinese protestors boycotted Japanese products, initiated signatory campaigns, and, as the movements grew violent, damaged Japanese-brand cars, department stores, and signs of Japanese enterprises. Incidents of reprisal then followed in Japan, with windows of Chinese banks and schools smashed, threats received by Chinese diplomats, and a petrol bomb thrown at a Bank of China branch in Yokohama by a self-described right-wing Japanese citizen (Chan and Bridges 2006).…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pride, Not Prejudice

Chung¹

2022

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“…Their lack of success elicits more group-based anger among many Koreans, not just the former comfort women (Chai, 1993;Coday, 1998;Cohen, 2006;Hicks, 1999). Similar protests are also organized in the Philippines due to the Comfort Women issues (Mendoza, 2003) and in China due to unresolved issues regarding the Nanjing massacre (Chan & Bridges, 2006;Cody, 2005;Kim, 2001).…”

Section: Collective Guilt and Angermentioning

confidence: 99%

Victim and Perpetrator Perspectives in Post World War II Contexts: Intergroup Forgiveness and Historical Closure in Europe and East Asia

Hanke¹

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<p>The current thesis aimed to extend existing research on intergroup forgiveness by considering historical context as an important element. The clear victim and perpetrator roles in the European and East Asian post World War II settings provided the context for this research. Social representations of history provided the theoretical framework for four studies. Study 1 employed a meta-analytical approach to explore the impact of contextual variables on interpersonal forgiveness across 13 societies. Based on Berry's ecocultural framework and Inglehart's affluence theory it was expected that socio-political, societal well-being and socio-economic variables are linked to interpersonal forgiveness. Significant differences in interpersonal forgiveness between the 13 societies emerged, which could be explained by conflict potential, socio-economic and socio-political context variables, societal peacefulness, societal well-being, and negative societal evaluations of historical calamities. Study 2 explored conceptualisations of interpersonal and intergroup forgiveness using a qualitative approach with interviewees from Japan, Germany and the Philippines. Facets, antecedents and outcomes of forgiveness were identified as main themes. Differences in the relevance of forgiveness as a means of conflict resolution were revealed across cultures. An illuminating concept was identified and labelled as "historical closure", signifying an attitude towards historical issues as relevant or irrelevant to present and future relationships between groups. Study 3a and 3b included victim perspectives from three formerly victimized European nations (France, Poland, Russia) and three formerly victimized East Asian nations (China, Taiwan, Philippines). Study 3a examined differences in intergroup forgiveness across the six societies. Between-society differences were found. Chinese participants were less forgiving compared to French participants, pointing to the different historical contexts as an explanatory source. Study 3b investigated the ability of historical closure and other group-based constructs to predict intergroup forgiveness. In both settings, historical closure was a consistent significant predictor and contributed to explain unique variance. A cross-level operator analysis revealed that political apologies by the perpetrator country during the last 20 years was negatively associated with intergroup forgiveness, indicating that external context related variables can contribute to explain intergroup forgiveness. Study 4 investigated perpetrator perspectives from Japan and Germany, with focus on the cognitive and behavioural components of the willingness to make amends. Japanese and Germans differed significantly on the behavioural component: it was predicted by lack of closure in the Japanese sample; whereas in the German sample guilt and shame were positive predictors. Lack of historical closure consistently contributed to predicting the cognitive component of the willingness to make amends. Japanese experienced more guilt and shame feelings than Germans. Stronger national identification did not contribute as expected and had a reversed effect in Japan by being a positive predictor. Historical closure is an intriguing concept, as it is a positive predictor for intergroup forgiveness among participants from formerly victimized nations, but a negative predictor for the willingness to make amends among participants from formerly perpetrating nations. This is an interesting interdependency in coming to terms with history: closure seems to be needed by victims to be ready to forgive, whereas the lack of closure for perpetrators seems to drive the willingness to make amends.</p>

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China, Japan, and The Clash of Nationalisms

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective

The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective

Pride, Not Prejudice

Victim and Perpetrator Perspectives in Post World War II Contexts: Intergroup Forgiveness and Historical Closure in Europe and East Asia

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