China's Latin Leap Forward

China in Latin America Then and Now: A Systemic Constructivist Analysis of China’s Foreign Policy

“…With China’s growing presence in Latin America (both politically and economically since the 1970s and the 1980s, respectively), there are more and more studies focusing on Sino–Latin American relations. Many have found that China’s effort to strengthen its relations with Latin America is to satisfy its national interests in three folds: first, increasing its international influences as compared to other major powers around the world in general and in the developing regions in particular; second, securing foreign markets for China’s exports, as well as the raw materials and other commodities that it needs for domestic development; and, third, isolating Taiwan within the international community on the basis of China’s “One China Principle” (Connelly, 2006; Kurlantzick, 2006; León-Manríquez, 2016; Mora, 1999; Puyana and Costantino, 2015).…”

“…The same reassurance can be found in China’s first white paper on Latin America published in 2008, as well as its second and the latest paper on the region published in 2016 (León-Manríquez, 2016). Furthermore, to China today, the most important policy goal of South–South Cooperation between China and Latin America, as well as other developing countries, is to work together to get the “win–win” benefits from the existing international system, and to jointly fix the problems concerning the developing countries through the existing institutions in the international system instead of destroying the whole system once and for all (Kurlantzick, 2006; Strauss, 2012).…”

Soft Power Em Tempos De Quarentena: As Estratégias Da Diplomacia Chinesa Em Meio À Pandemia De Covid-19

“…Em relação à China, especificamente no que diz respeito ao projeto de reformulação de sua imagem internacional, sua gênese pode ser traçada ainda na década de 1990. Kurlantzick (2006; coloca que nesse período houve a consolidação dos benefícios econômicos e sociais do programa de 3. De acordo com a definição de Cull (2008), a diplomacia pública opera com cinco elementos: i) escuta, que significa coletar informações e opiniões internacionais por meios legais e secretos; ii) advocacy, que se refere à promoção de algumas políticas, ideias e interesses para audiências externas por meio das embaixadas; iii) diplomacia cultural, que pode ser resumida na promoção dos recursos culturais de um país em nível internacional e na facilitação da transmissão de sua cultura internacionalmente; iv) diplomacia da troca (exchange diplomacy), que almeja promover trocas recíprocas entre as pessoas (intercâmbio acadêmico, por exemplo); e v) broadcasting internacional, que significa o uso de agências de notícias, rádio, televisão e comunicação virtual para interagir com as audiências externas.…”

Illiberal Ends, Multilateral Means: Why Illiberal States Make Commitments to International Institutions

“…Soon after its accession to the WTO, China began to step up its efforts to create a club of illiberal states. Latin American countries' bitter experiences with market-oriented economic reforms based on the "Washington Consensus" provided a favorable condition for China to act as "a born-again multilateralist" 68) in a region traditionally considered as belonging to the American sphere of influence. China provided generous development aid to several debt-stricken countries of the region, while participating as a permanent observer in regional multilateral forums such as the Organization of American States.…”