China’s Rare Earths Supply Forecast in 2025: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

Ge, Jianping; Lei, Yalin; Lianrong, Zhao

doi:10.3390/min6030095

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The export license on REs was enforced in 2015, which drove the study of China's supply trends to become a hot topic of the world. Various researchers have shown interest in the production forecast of China, among which Jianping Ge and Yalin Lei [6,[40][41][42][43] have made significant contributions.…”

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, in consideration of changes in regulatory policies and the development of strategic emerging industries, it was critical to investigate the scene of RE supplies. Ge and Lei [41] forecasted the production, domestic supply, and export of China's REs in 2025 by constructing a dynamic computable equilibrium (DCGE) model. From a policy perspective, they found that the elimination of export regulations, including export quotas and export taxes, did have a negative impact on China's future domestic supply of REs.…”

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

Chen

Zheng

2019

Sustainability

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Rare earths (REs) play an important role in modern life, and have been the focus of global attention in recent years. As a result, the number of scientific publications has grown enormously, increasing the need for understanding the knowledge base of various research streams and their emerging branches. The economic analysis of REs has also augmented steadily. Nevertheless, the relevant literature is rather fragmented concerning the thematic topics. To respond to this, a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and a bibliometric analysis were developed to offer a systematic and holistic literature review of the economic research on REs. This review incorporates studies of REs regarding aspects of supply, price, export policy, international trade, relationship with clean energy, and sustainability. The database of this review includes a set of 85 systemically selected state-of-the-art articles from five databases, including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Proquest, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) that were published after the rare earth crisis, covering empirical and theory research conducted in different countries with different resource endowments. The results show that the majority of the economic research studies have been conducted in the past six years. Furthermore, among the six categories, the most popular research trend is sustainability. Some possible opportunities for future research are also illustrated in this paper.

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Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptive Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

Chen

Zheng

2019

Sustainability

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“…(2017b ) construct a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to investigate the market impacts of environmental regulation on the production of rare earths in China. Likewise, Ge et al. (2016 ) constructed a dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model to forecast the production, domestic supply, and export of China's rare earths in 2025.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper at the crossroads: Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition and supply limitations

Seck

Hache

Bonnet

et al. 2020

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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This article aims to assess the impact of copper availability on the energy transition and to determine whether copper could become critical due to the high copper content of low-carbon technologies compared to conventional technologies. In assessing copper availability through to 2050, we rely on our linear programming world energy-transport model, TIAM-IFPEN. We examine two climate scenarios (2 °C and 4 °C) with two mobility shape, implemented with a recycling chain. The penetration of low-carbon technologies in the transport and energy sectors (electric vehicles and low-carbon power generation technologies) is likely to significantly increase copper demand by 2050. To investigate how tension over copper resources can be reduced in the energy transition context, we consider two public policy drivers: sustainable mobility and recycling practices. Results show that in the most stringent scenario, the cumulative primary copper demand between 2010 and 2050 is found to be 89.4% of the copper resources known in 2010. They also pinpoint the importance of China and Chile in the future evolution of the copper market.

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“…A review of global REE abundance and current mining and recovery methods, underlining environmental costs, is presented in [ 22 ], while evaluation of global REE demand is considered in [ 23 ]. China’s dynamic computable equilibrium supply model forecast up to 2025 was also described [ 24 ], together with its sustainable development policies [ 25 ]. Reduction of environmental burdens and a European production chain was also proposed [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Conductivity and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited LaNi5 Nanoscale Films

Todoran

Szakács

et al. 2018

Materials

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This work presents pulsed laser deposition as a method to obtain unoxidized LaNi5 nanoscale films and describes their temperature and thickness dependent electrical conductivity and the spectral dispersions of some optical properties. AB5-type rare earth element (REE)-nickel compounds are currently studied from both theoretical and practical points of view. Special challenges are posed during the preparation of these nanomaterials, which can be overcome using finely tuned parameters in a preparation process that always involves the use of high energies. Film deposition was made by laser—induced vaporization, with short and modulated impulses and electro–optical tuning of the quality factor, mainly on glass and one SiO2 substrate. Deposition geometry dependent linear thickness increase, between 1.5–2.5 nm per laser burst, was achieved. Film structures and phase compositions were determined using XRD and discussed in comparison with films obtained by similar deposition procedures. Temperature and scale dependent properties were determined by studying electrical conductivity and optical properties. Electrical conductivity was measured using the four-probe method. The observed semiconductor-like conductivity for film thicknesses up to 110 nm can be explained by thermal activation of electrons followed by inter-insular hopping or quantum tunneling, which, on the other hand, modulates the material’s native metallic conductance. Films with thicknesses above this value can be considered essentially metallic and bulk-like. The spectral behaviors of the refractive index and absorption coefficient were deduced from differential reflectance spectroscopy data acquired on a broad ultraviolet, visible, near- and mid-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR-MIR) domain, processed using the Kramers-Krönig formalism. Their study led to the identification of the allowed interband transitions. Electronic behavior in the energy bands near the Fermi level and in the surface and interface-states was described, discussing the differences between experimental data and the classical free-electron theoretical model applied for the bulk intermetallic alloy, in correlation with theoretical optical properties or experimental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results from references. However, the dielectric-like shape of the reflectance of the thinnest film was in accordance with the Lorentz–Drude model.

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China’s Rare Earths Supply Forecast in 2025: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

Cited by 28 publications

References 49 publications

What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

Copper at the crossroads: Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition and supply limitations

Electrical Conductivity and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited LaNi5 Nanoscale Films

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