China’s Social Insurance in the Twentieth Century

Hu, Aiqun

doi:10.1163/9789004307315

Cited by 15 publications

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“…The strength of various external influences also varied over time. China was the most extreme case among our four countries, switching to Soviet ideology in 1949 (before, the Communist Party had only been active in some regions) and repeatedly changing between external models in the field of old-age security during the reform era (Hu 2015(Hu , 2016. The conspicuous swings in social policy in China after 1978 pinpointed by Shih-Jiunn Shi partially happened in conjunction with swings in references to external models.…”

Section: Transnational Diffusion: External Ideas Have Pervaded Domestmentioning

confidence: 98%

One Hundred Years of Social Protection: The Rise of the Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, 1920–2020

Leisering

2020

Global Dynamics of Social Policy

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This chapter concludes the volume on social protection in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, 1920–2020. The main findings are: (1) Historical evolution—the hundred years from 1920 to 2020 mark the century of the rise of social protection in the four countries. (2) The social construction of the social—all four countries, with the exception of India, have articulated social issues in a generalised way as a social question. (3) Political language—semantics of the social have spread in all four countries. (4) “Multireferentiality”—social protection policies were largely driven and shaped by “non-social” ideas and interests. (5) Transnational diffusion—external ideas have pervaded domestic social protection policies. The chapter closes by thoughts about the future of social protection in middle-income countries.

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Section: Transnational Diffusion: External Ideas Have Pervaded Domestmentioning

confidence: 98%

One Hundred Years of Social Protection: The Rise of the Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, 1920–2020

Leisering

2020

Global Dynamics of Social Policy

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“…As early as the 1920s, some Chinese and Indian intellectuals identified the Northern model of social insurance as an instance of modernity that they could use to overcome the "backwardness" of their own countries, although others were critical of ILO models (Seekings 2008a). Southern policymakers considered diverse Northern programmes as models (for China see Hu 2015Hu , 2016Leisering et al 2017) in the light of their scarcity of domestic legal and administrative expertise. Moreover, international organisations engage much more in domestic policies in Southern than Northern countries.…”

Section: Explanatory Theories Of Social Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Protection in the Global South: An Ideational and Historical Approach

Leisering

2020

One Hundred Years of Social Protection

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This chapter is the introduction to the volume on social protection in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa. The Introduction outlines an ideational and historical approach to social protection in the Global South to contribute to a theory of “social policy in development contexts”, which is a desideratum. The Introduction also provides basic data on the four countries (Brazil, India, China, and South Africa) and summaries of all the chapters in the book. Three research gaps are identified: scarcity of historical research; scant attention to ideas and instead a dominant focus on interests; and insufficient use of historical sources. This volume contributes to filling these gaps through a historical, idea-centred, and source-based approach. A multi-layered model of social ideas—the “onion skin model”—is developed that has the “social question” as its pivot.

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“…For the labour question, the Beijing government, under the pressures of the CCP-led labour movement, the GMD's Southern Regime, and the ILO, issued its Provisional Factory Regulations in 1923Regulations in (revised in 1927 and the Factory Inspections Regulations in 1927. The two factory regulations and the factory inspections regulations, however, were not implemented because the GMD government soon replaced the Beijing government (Hu 2015).…”

Section: The Rise Of the Social Question: Non-marxist Versus Marxist mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of social security, the Conference Declaration called for extending social security measures to provide not only a basic income but also a comprehensive medical care to all who were in need (Johnston 1970). China was not exempt from this global trend of emerging universal social security policies, especially under the leadership of the newly consolidated Ministry of Social Affairs staffed with Euro-American-trained sociologists and other social scientists (Hu and Manning 2010;Hu 2015;Ma 2012Ma , 2014.…”

Section: Wartime Social Policy: Universal Social Security and China'smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These workhouses and poorhouses continued to exist under the Beijing government (1911)(1912)(1913)(1914)(1915)(1916)(1917)(1918)(1919)(1920)(1921)(1922)(1923)(1924)(1925)(1926)(1927) but in a disintegrated state (Chen 2012). In Republican China in the 1920s, the Beijing government called for "social insurance" in response to the International Labour Organization's (ILO) request, while the CCP-led labour movement demanded for "social insurance" (Hu 2015).…”

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The Early Rise of Social Security in China: Ideas and Reforms, 1911–1949

2020

Global Dynamics of Social Policy

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Applying the editor’s “onion skin model” of social policy ideas, this chapter analyses the early rise of social security ideas and policies in Republican China (1911–1949). Facing imperialism, Chinese elites turned to Western social ideas to “save the nation”. They accepted organic concepts of society, leading to a concern for societal stability and harmony. The Guomindang (GMD) state reinforced this trend in the 1930s when the party-state incorporated Confucianism into its ideology. The GMD state, thus, adopted collectivist notions of social policy, emphasising class harmonisation and productivism. During the Sino-Japanese war, Chinese elites were attracted to the idea of universal social security, which led to an intense development of social security policies. In the entire process, however, Chinese elites emphasised China’s special situation.

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China’s Social Insurance in the Twentieth Century

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

One Hundred Years of Social Protection: The Rise of the Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, 1920–2020

One Hundred Years of Social Protection: The Rise of the Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, 1920–2020

Social Protection in the Global South: An Ideational and Historical Approach

The Early Rise of Social Security in China: Ideas and Reforms, 1911–1949

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