Chinese Propolis: Ultrasound‐assisted enhanced ethanolic extraction, volatile components analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activity comparison

Abstract

This study was aimed to enhance the extraction yield of propolis samples using ultrasound technology, analyze the volatile compounds, and compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of propolis extracts of different areas. Four propolis samples were collected from different regions of China, namely: Linqing, Shandong Province (LSP); Yingchun, Heilongjiang Province (YHP); Changge, Henan Province (CHP); and Raohe, Heilongjiang Province (RHP). The ultrasound extracts of CHP and RHP showed a higher total phenolic content (TPC) of 201.78 ± 4.60 mgGAE/g and 166.071 ± 1.53 mgGAE/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) of 519.77 ± 29.90 and 341.227 ± 10.82 mg quercetin/g respectively, as well as high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Conventional extraction showed 15%–20% lower yield for TPC ranging from 72.02 ± 1.99 to 155.95 ± 3.69 mg GAE/g, TFC ranges from 129.675 ± 6.82 to 412.83 ± 12.14 mg quercetin/g, with lower antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity of propolis extracts was determined by assays of reducing power, DPPH*, FRAP*, TEAC*, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion scavenging activity. Collectively, the antioxidant activities of extracts from CHP and RHP were higher than those of the other two extracts(YHP and LSP). All the extracts showed high antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis, but no effect on Escherichia coli. A total of 150 compounds in propolis were detected by GC/MS. Terpenes (RHP 34%, YHP 5%, LSP 18%, and CHP 12%) and alcohols (RHP 12%, YHP 13%, LSP 12%, and CHP 10%) showed the highest relative content among all other extracts.

Simultaneous Optimization of Extraction Yield, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Moroccan Propolis Extracts: Improvement of Ultrasound-Assisted Technique Using Response Surface Methodology

“…The result of the optimized value of TPC (192 mg GAE/g) was important in comparison with that obtained by ultrasoundassisted extraction from Malaysian propolis, which the predicted value of 162.46 mg GAEq/g [48], which was more important than Lithuanian propolis extract obtained by traditional extraction methods [49]. Besides, it was similar to those obtained by the same extraction method for Chinese propolis, where the TPC range was from 166 to 201.07 mgQEq/g [50].…”

Do ultrasonic field effects upon the polyphenolics profile of propolis extracts improve their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity?

“…Since the 35:1 (v:w) liquid:solid ratio led to an extract having 2417 μmol TEAC/g propolis, it is reasonable to explain these punctual differences by the operation conditions (more liquid phase, 28 W/L ultrasonic bath), source of propolis and US field topology. Ding et al [45] determined a range of variation from 36.8 to 106.7 µmol TEAC/g of extract, different from the present study, 2.2 – 1030 µmol TEAC/g propolis. The difference is not unexpected considering the source of propolis (Chinese against Romanian), solvent (70 % ethanol against 0, 25 % and 50 % ethanol), and US bath characteristics (220 W, 40 kHz, 30 min against 110 W, 40 kHz, 10 – 100 min).…”

Bio-Functional Potential and Biochemical Properties of Propolis Collected from Different Regions of Balochistan Province of Pakistan

“…The propolis extract (P1) collected from Ziarat region expressed maximum flavonoid content (0.6586 ± 0.329) and the extract (P6) from Bela region have the lowest content (0.1546 ± 0.087) mg of quercetin g −1 of propolis extract presented in ( Table 2 ). Results of current study are minimum than other reported studies from different location in Turkey [ 3 ], Pakistan [ 1 ], China [ 21 ], and Iran [ 22 ]. According to Choi et al [ 20 ], the variations in total phenolic and total flavonoids of propolis samples depend on their geographic origin.…”