Structural engineering of metastable nanomaterials with abundant defects has attracted extensive attention in energy-related fields. High-temperature shock (HTS) technique, as a rapid-developing and advanced synthesis strategy, offers significant potential for the rational design and fabrication of high-quality nanocatalysts in an ultrafast, scalable, controllable, and eco-friendly way. In this review, we provide an overview of various metastable micro-/nano- materials synthesized via HTS, including single metallic and bimetallic nanostructures, high entropy alloys, metal compounds (e.g. metal oxides), and carbon nanomaterials. Note that HTS provide a new research dimension for nanostructure, i.e. kinetic modulation. Furthermore, we summarize the application of HTS in structural engineering of 2D materials as supporting films for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids, which is vital for the direct imaging of metastable materials. Finally, we discuss the potential future applications of high-throughput and liquid-phase HTS strategies for non-equilibrium micro/nano-manufacturing beyond energy-related fields. It is believed that this emerging research field will bring new opportunities to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology in both fundamental and practical aspects.