Chirohepevirus from Bats: Insights into Hepatitis E Virus Diversity and Evolution

Wang, Bo; Yang, Xing‐Lou

doi:10.3390/v14050905

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The former infects multiple terrestrial and arboreal animals that consist of four genera. Paslahepevirus balayani comprises eight genotypes (gt1–gt8), four of which currently cause the most cases of hepatitis E in humans (gt1, gt2, gt3, and gt4) [ 41 ]. HEV gt1 and HEV gt2 are obligate to humans, while HEV gt3 and HEV gt4 have zoonotic importance, and thus, the transmission occurs primarily from swine to humans via pig and undercooked pork products [ 42 ] but can also be transmitted by other species such as rabbits and deer.…”

Section: Hev Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus

Yadav

Kenney

2023

Microorganisms

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One of the most intriguing issues in the hepatitis E virus (HEV) field is the significant increase in mortality rates of the mother and fetus when infection occurs in the second and third trimesters of gestation. A virus that is normally self-limiting and has a mortality rate of less than one percent in otherwise healthy individuals steeply rises by up to 30% in these pregnant populations. Answering this pivotal question has not been a simple task. HEV, in general, has been a difficult pathogen to understand in the laboratory setting. A historical lack of ability to efficiently propagate the virus in tissue culture models has led to many molecular aspects of the viral lifecycle being understudied. Although great strides have been made in recent years to adapt viruses to cell culture, this field remains behind other viruses that are much easier to replicate efficiently in vitro. Some of the greatest discoveries regarding HEV have come from using animal models for which naturally occurring strains of HEV have been identified, including pigs and chickens, but key limitations have made animal models imperfect for studying all aspects of human HEV infections. In addition to the difficulties working with HEV, pregnancy is a very complicated biological process with an elaborate interplay between many different host systems, including hormones, cardiovascular, kidneys, respiratory, gastrointestinal, epithelial, liver, metabolic, immune, and others. Significant differences between the timing and interplay of these systems are notable between species, and making direct comparisons between animals and humans can be difficult at times. No simple answer exists as to how HEV enhances mortality in pregnant populations. One of the best approaches to studying HEV in pregnancy is likely a combinatorial approach that uses the best combination of emerging in vitro and in vivo systems while accounting for the deficiencies that are present in each model. This review describes many of the current HEV animal model systems and the strengths and weaknesses of each as they apply to HEV pregnancy-associated mortality. We consider factors that are critical to analyzing HEV infection within the host and how, despite no perfect animal model for human pregnancy mortality existing, recent developments in HEV models, both in vitro and in vivo, are advancing our overall understanding of HEV in the pregnant host.

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Section: Hev Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus

Yadav

Kenney

2023

Microorganisms

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“…The genus Rocahepevirus includes viruses from rodents, eulipotyphlids and mustelids [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Members of the genus Chirohepevirus are limited to bats [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Feces of Capybaras (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris) in Brazil

Cunha

Luchs

Azevedo

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen associated with relevant public health issues. The aim of this study was to investigate HEV presence in free-living capybaras inhabiting urban parks in São Paulo state, Brazil. Molecular characterization of HEV positive samples was undertaken to elucidate the genetic diversity of the virus in these animals. A total of 337 fecal samples were screened for HEV using RT-qPCR and further confirmed by conventional nested RT-PCR. HEV genotype and subtype were determined using Sanger and next-generation sequencing. HEV was detected in one specimen (0.3%) and assigned as HEV-3f. The IAL-HEV_921 HEV-3f strain showed a close relationship to European swine, wild boar and human strains (90.7–93.2% nt), suggesting an interspecies transmission. Molecular epidemiology of HEV is poorly investigated in Brazil; subtype 3f has been reported in swine. This is the first report of HEV detected in capybara stool samples worldwide.

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“…The term ‘HEV’ encompasses a group of virus variants in the family Hepeviridae , which is divided into 2 subfamilies: Orthohepevirinae and Parahepevirinae . 1 Orthohepevirinae comprises 4 genera that circulate in terrestrial vertebrates, of which 2, Paslahepevirus and Rocahepevirus , cause hepatitis in humans. Four genotypes within Paslahepevirus species balayani (HEV-A; formerly Orthohepevirus species A) commonly infect humans: 2 (genotypes 1 and 2) exclusively circulate in humans and 2 (genotypes 3 and 4) circulate in swine and infect humans via the foodborne route.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%