Chiropractic: A Critical Evaluation

Abstract

Chiropractic was defined by D.D. Palmer as "a science of healing without drugs." About 60,000 chiropractors currently practice in North America, and, worldwide, billions are spent each year for their services. This article attempts to critically evaluate chiropractic. The specific topics include the history of chiropractic; the internal conflicts within the profession; the concepts of chiropractic, particularly those of subluxation and spinal manipulation; chiropractic practice and research; and the efficacy, safety, and cost of chiropractic. A narrative review of selected articles from the published chiropractic literature was performed. For the assessment of efficacy, safety, and cost, the evaluation relied on previously published systematic reviews. Chiropractic is rooted in mystical concepts. This led to an internal conflict within the chiropractic profession, which continues today. Currently, there are two types of chiropractors: those religiously adhering to the gospel of its founding fathers and those open to change. The core concepts of chiropractic, subluxation and spinal manipulation, are not based on sound science. Back and neck pain are the domains of chiropractic but many chiropractors treat conditions other than musculoskeletal problems. With the possible exception of back pain, chiropractic spinal manipulation has not been shown to be effective for any medical condition. Manipulation is associated with frequent mild adverse effects and with serious complications of unknown incidence. Its cost-effectiveness has not been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt. The concepts of chiropractic are not based on solid science and its therapeutic value has not been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt.

Complementary/alternative medicine: engulfed by postmodernism, anti-science and regressive thinking

“…Based on the data available to date, it is impossible to deny that the results are far from convincing. 28,29 Anatomy, physiology, and pathology are not 'Western medical systems', they are generalisable truths that apply to all humans. To call scientific medicine 'Western' or 'reductionist' is discriminating and reminiscent of calling Einstein's discoveries 'Jewish physics'.…”

Reflecting on 115 years: the chiropractic profession's philosophical path

“…1,2 In addition, there has been infighting in the profession between those who wish to be grounded in science and philosophy and those who espouse that a dogmatic approach (under the guise of "philosophy") will keep our profession strong and independent. Where do we in the chiropractic profession get our silliness from when it comes to our identity?…”

Chiropractic Treatment for Asthma?

“…Palmer "invented" chiropractic (in September 1895), his first patient was suffering from deafness and his second from heart disease. According to Palmer, virtually all human diseases were caused by spinal subluxations that needed correction by spinal manipulation or "adjustments," as chiropractors often call it (1).…”

“…One part of the answer was already hinted earlier: they view chiropractic as a panacea (1). The other part could be that even the General Chiropractic Council (GCC), the body that regulates chiropractors in the UK and sets standards for the profession, promotes chiropractics for asthma.…”

“…Of the respondents, 72% recommended chiropractic treatment. Only 17% of the respondents mentioned adverse effects, which could, of course, be serious, particularly for an osteoporotic patient (1).…”