Chitin synthase 1 gene and its two alternative splicing variants from two sap-sucking insects, Nilaparvata lugens and Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Functional characterization of three trehalase genes regulating the chitin metabolism pathway in rice brown planthopper using RNA interference

“…NlCHS1 have two transcripts CHS1a and CHS1b (Supplemental Fig. S1)38, and the mRNA levels of CHS1a and CHS1b decreased significantly ( p  < 0.05) at 48 h and 72 h after dsTREs injection (Fig. 7L,M).…”

“…However, moulting deformities, wing deformities, or failure of the old cuticle to break down were common in most species42. These phenotypes resulted from the silencing of genes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway or chitin degradation-related genes, including CHS 30333866, Cht 36, chitin deacetylase gene3440, and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase gene41. Except for defaults in chitin metabolism, TRE silencing in Drosophila leads to loss of the lamina and reduction of the medulla67.…”

“…The hemimetabolous brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice that causes significant yield losses36. RNA interference (RNAi), which is a robust and powerful experimental tool, has been widely used to study gene functions through gene silencing34 in various piercing-sucking insects, including rice planthoppers3638394041. It has been reported that TRE regulates the expression of CHS in the cuticle and midgut of planthoppers, and the inhibition of chitin synthesis by suppressing or knocking down TRE leads to abnormal moulting and mortality.…”

Application of Virus-Derived Small Interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) in Rice Viruses with Insect Vectors, Especially <em>Rice Grassy Stunt Virus</em>

“…Silencing of coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) in rice plants not only improved the defense responses in plants but also enlarged the N. lugens susceptibility of feeding the rice plants [113]. Silencing of chitin synthase (CHSI, CHS1a) showed results as elongated wing pads, crimpled cuticle phenotypes and also insect lethality, in which phenotypes were triggered by injection of CHS [101]. [112] reported that reporter genes which are involved in siRNA and miRNA pathways in brown planthoppers, the miRNA pathway showed brown plant hopper metamorphosis as weakening of Argonaute (AGO1) and Dicer (DCR-1) genes extensively and also showed a reduction of ecdysis.…”

Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs in Small Brown Planthopper (Laodephax striatellus) by Next-Generation Sequencing

“…Insects play important roles in human life and the function of environmental ecology. Three major rice planthoppers belonging to Hemiptera: Delphacidae are considered the most notorious crop pests within Asia: small brown planthopper ( Laodephax striatellus Fallén), brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stål), and white-backed planthopper ( Sogatella furcifera Horvath) [13]–[15]. N. lugens and S. furcifera can cause loss of rice yield by sucking the phloem sap of rice, whereas L. striatellus can cause great damage to crops not only by direct feeding but also by transmitting plant viruses, such as rice stripe virus, rice black-streaked dwarf virus, maize rough dwarf virus, and wheat rosette virus [14], [16], [17].…”