Chitinases of fungi and plants: their involvement in morphogenesis and host-parasite interaction

Sahai, A S

doi:10.1016/0168-6445(93)90004-s

Cited by 110 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…Chitinases are involved in the early events of host–parasite interactions of biotrophic and necrotrophic mycoparasites and entomopathogenic fungi, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Sahai and Manocha 1993). Here, we discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant–fungal interaction and biocontrol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant–fungal interactions

Pusztahelyi

2018

Mycology

154

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Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised through the perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Chitin polymers and their modified form, chitosan, induce host defence responses in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The plants’ response to chitin, chitosan, and derived oligosaccharides depends on the acetylation degree of these compounds which indicates possible biocontrol regulation of plant immune system. There has also been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitin hydrolases in fungi and plants as chitinase production in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. We discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant–fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol.Abbreviations ET, ethylene; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, GDP/GTP exchange factor; JA, jasmonic acid; LysM, lysin motif; MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern; MTI, MAMP-triggered immunity; NBS, nucleotide-binding site; NBS-LRR, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats; PM, powdery mildew; PR, pathogenesis-related; RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog; RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; SA, salicylic acid; TF, transcription factor.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant–fungal interactions

Pusztahelyi

2018

Mycology

154

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“…Generally chitosan has been reported as being very effective in inhibiting spore germination, germ tube elongation and radial growth [52,53] . Most of the studies have been done on yeasts and moulds associated with food and plant spoilage.…”

Section: Antifungal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan

2009

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Chitosan, a versatile hydrophilic polysaccharide derived from chitin, has a broad antimicrobial spectrum to which gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and fungi are highly susceptible. In the current review, three possible and accepted antimicrobial mechanisms for chitosan are presented and briefly discussed. The activity dependence on polymeric molecular weight (MW) and degree of acetylation (DA) are described. The chitosan minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are summarized according to recent data found in the literature. The potential to improve inhibitory growth of bacteria by using water soluble chitosan derivatives is also discussed. The data indicate that the effectiveness of chitosan varies and is dependent on species of target microorganisms.

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“…The spore concentration of axenic cultures of the wild-type strain was 2.7610 7 spores ml 21 . Chitin is a structural component of the cell wall of Trichoderma species and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase is one of a number of chitinase enzymes that are believed to play a role in cell wall turn-over and remodelling during hyphal development (Reyes et al, 1989a, b;Rast et al, 1991;Sahai & Manocha, 1993;Horsch et al, 1997;White et al, 2002). To test whether N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase functions in cell wall biogenesis of this fungus, GD12 and DThnag : : hph mycelia were inoculated onto standard medium containing calcofluor white, and sensitivity was assessed over a 4 day period.…”

Section: Confirmation Of N-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase Disruption and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Saprotrophic competitiveness and biocontrol fitness of a genetically modified strain of the plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma hamatum GD12

et al. 2012

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Trichoderma species are ubiquitous soil fungi that hold enormous potential for the development of credible alternatives to agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers in sustainable crop production. In this paper, we show that substantial improvements in plant productivity can be met by genetic modification of a plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol strain of Trichoderma hamatum, but that these improvements are obtained in the absence of disease pressure only. Using a quantitative monoclonal antibody-based ELISA, we show that an N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase-deficient mutant of T. hamatum, generated by insertional mutagenesis of the corresponding gene, has impaired saprotrophic competitiveness during antagonistic interactions with Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Furthermore, its fitness as a biocontrol agent of the pre-emergence damping-off pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is significantly reduced, and its ability to promote plant growth is constrained by the presence of both pathogens. This work shows that while gains in T. hamatummediated plant-growth-promotion can be met through genetic manipulation of a single beneficial trait, such a modification has negative impacts on other aspects of its biology and ecology that contribute to its success as a saprotrophic competitor and antagonist of soil-borne pathogens. The work has important implications for fungal morphogenesis, demonstrating a clear link between hyphal architecture and secretory potential. Furthermore, it highlights the need for a holistic approach to the development of genetically modified Trichoderma strains for use as crop stimulants and biocontrol agents in plant agriculture. INTRODUCTIONTrichoderma species are ubiquitous soil saprotrophs that have attracted sustained scientific interest as biological control agents of plant disease. In addition to their biocontrol properties, certain strains have been shown to enhance crop productivity by stimulating plant growth (Contreras-Cornejo et al., 2009;Harman et al., 2004;Ortíz-Castro et al., 2009;Vinale et al., 2008Vinale et al., , 2009. While genetic modification of Trichoderma strains by constitutive overexpression of chitinase, b-glucanase and proteinase genes has allowed the development of strains with improved biocontrol capabilities (Flores et al., 1997;Baek et al., 1999;Limó n et al., 1999;Viterbo et al., 2001;Djonović et al., 2007), less attention has been paid to enhancing the plantgrowth-promoting (P-G-P) activities of these fungi via genetic modification, and the impact that any such modification might have on their saprotrophic competence and fitness as biocontrol agents.In a previous study, we showed that a naturally occurring strain of Trichoderma hamatum was able to promote plant growth in low pH, nutrient-poor peat soils (Thornton, 2008). These soils contain a significant pool of nitrogen sequestered in chitin of insect and fungal origin (Kerley & Read, 1998), and fungal N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase has been shown to be a key chitinolytic enzyme releasing sequestered nitrogen for assimilation ...

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Chitinases of fungi and plants: their involvement in morphogenesis and host-parasite interaction

Cited by 110 publications

References 0 publications

Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant–fungal interactions

Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant–fungal interactions

A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan

Saprotrophic competitiveness and biocontrol fitness of a genetically modified strain of the plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma hamatum GD12

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