Chitinolytic Bacteria-Assisted Conversion of Squid Pen and Its Effect on Dyes and Pigments Adsorption

Abstract

The aim of this work was to produce chitosanase by fermenting from squid pen, and recover the fermented squid pen for dye removal by adsorption. One chitosanase induced from squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium by Bacillus cereus TKU034 was purified in high purification fold (441) and high yield of activity recovery (51%) by ammonium sulfate precipitation and combined column chromatography. The SDS-PAGE results showed its molecular mass to be around 43 kDa. The TKU034 chitosanase used for the chitooligomers preparation was studied. The enzyme products revealed that the chitosanase could degrade chitosan with various degrees of polymerization, ranging from 3 to 9, as well as the chitosanase in an endolytic manner. Besides, the fermented SPP was recovered and displayed a better adsorption rate (up to 99.5%) for the disperse dyes (red, yellow, blue, and black) than the water-soluble food colorants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazine (Y4). The adsorbed R40 on the unfermented SPP and the fermented SPP was eluted by distilled water and 1 M NaOH to confirm the dye adsorption mechanism. The fermented SPP had a slightly higher adsorption capacity than the unfermented, and elution of the dye from the fermented SPP was easier than from the unfermented. The main dye adsorption mechanism of fermented SPP was physical adsorption, while the adsorption mechanism of unfermented SPP was chemical adsorption.

Characterization of a New Chitosanase from a Marine Bacillus sp. and the Anti-Oxidant Activity of Its Hydrolysate

“…strain CK4 [30] ( Table 1). The end products of chitosanase from B. cereus TKU034 are a mixture of DP3-DP9, which are obviously hard to separate [31]. Hence, CsnQ is an enzyme with well-distributed products having tremendous potential in industrial production.…”

Novel Efficient Bioprocessing of Marine Chitins into Active Anticancer Prodigiosin

“…Of the natural chitin-containing materials, shrimp shells, squid pens, and crab shells have the highest chitin content [1], and as such, are used for chitin production. Chitin and its derivatives display great economic value thanks to their versatile activities and potential biotechnological 2 of 14 applications, and chitin-containing materials have been reported to be used for the production of a vast array of bioactive products, such as exopolysaccharides [2][3][4], chitooligomers [5], antioxidants [6,7], biofertilizers [8] insecticidal materials [9,10], and biosorbents [11,12]. Recently, these chitin-containing materials were extensively used for the production of antidiabetic drugs [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Reclamation of Marine Chitinous Materials for the Production of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors via Microbial Conversion

“…Among the fishery chitinous materials, squid pens contain the highest ratio of protein [ 2 ]. For the recycling squid pens in order to produce additional highly bioactive products other than chitin or chitosan, the utilization of squid pens has been estimated via microbial conversion [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Many microorganisms produce chitinolytic and/or proteolytic enzymes using squid pens as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source [ 3 , 4 , 13 ].…”