Chito-oligosaccharides and macrophages have synergistic effects on improving ovarian stem cells function by regulating inflammatory factors

Abstract

Background Chronic low-grade inflammation and ovarian germline stem cells (OGSCs) aging are important reasons for the decline of ovarian reserve function, resulting in ovarian aging and infertility. Regulation of chronic inflammation is expected to promote the proliferation and differentiation of OGSCs, which will become a key means for maintaining and remodeling ovarian function. Our previous study demonstrated that Chitosan Oligosaccharides (Cos) promoted the OGSCs proliferation and remodelled the ovarian function through improving the secretion of immune related factors,but the mechanism remains unclear, and the role of macrophages, the important source of various inflammatory mediators in the ovary needs to be further studied. In this study, we used the method of macrophages and OGSCs co-culture to observe the effect and mechanism of Cos on OGSCs, and explore what contribution macrophages give during this process. Our finding provides new drug treatment options and methods for the prevention and treatment of premature ovarian failure and infertility. Methods We used the method of macrophages and OGSCs co-culture to observe the effect and mechanism of Cos on OGSCs, and explore the important contribution of macrophages in it. The immunohistochemical staining was used to locate the OGSCs in the mouse ovary. Immunofluorescent staining, RT-qPCR and ALP staining were used to identify the OGSCs. CCK-8 and western blot were used to evaluate the OGSCs proliferation. β-galactosidase(SA-β-Gal) staining and western blot were used to detect the changing of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A(P21), P53, Recombinant Sirtuin 1(SIRT1) and Recombinant Sirtuin 3(SIRT3). The levels of immune factors IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β were explored by using Western blot and ELISA. Results We found that Cos promoted OGSCs proliferation in a dose-and time-dependent manner, accompanied by IL-2, TNF-α increase and IL-10, TGF-β decrease. Mouse monocyte-macrophages Leukemia cells(RAW) can also produce the same effect as Cos. When combined with Cos, it can enhance the proliferative effect of Cos in OGSCs, and further increase IL-2, TNF-α and further decrease IL-10, TGF-β. The macrophages can enhance the proliferative effect of Cos in OGSCs is also associated with the further increase in IL-2, TNF-α and the further decrease in IL-10, TGF-β. In this study, we determined that the anti-aging genes SIRT-1 and SIRT-3 protein levels were increased by Cos and RAW respectively, whereas the senescence-associated SA-β-Gal and aging genes P21 and P53 were decreased. Cos and RAW had a protective effect on OGSCs delaying aging. Furthermore, RAW can further decrease the SA-β-Gal and aging genes P21 and P53 by Cos, and further increase SIRT1 and SIRT3 protein levels in OGSCs by Cos. Conclusion In conclusion, Cos and macrophages have synergistic effects on improving OGSCs function and delaying ovarian aging by regulating inflammatory factors.

New insight into the role of macrophages in ovarian function and ovarian aging

“…Recent animal studies have revealed that shifted MFs subpopulations with different phenotypes resulting from their polarization play critical roles in ovarian senescence (17,62,63) (Figure 2). It has been found that in ovaries of young female ICR mice at 8 weeks old, M1 phenotype mainly functions in primordial follicles activation, while M2 phenotype functions in maintenance of follicles in a dormant status (34).…”

Ningxin-Tongyu-Zishen formula alleviates the senescence of granulosa cells on D-galactose-induced premature ovarian insufficiency mice

“…As one of the most critical pro-apoptotic genes, p53 can initiate various cellular responses including cell cycle arrest, cell apoptosis, and cell senescence in stress response [ 18 ]. Therefore, as a transcription factor regulated by Sirt1, inhibition of p53 expression is crucial in regulating and alleviating OGCs senescence [ 19 ]. In summary, this project further studied whether the Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway is involved in the process of NTZF treatment of POI.…”