Chitooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and applications

Mourya, Vishnukant; Inamdar, Nazma; Choudhari, Yogesh

doi:10.1134/s0965545x11070066

Cited by 252 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 249 publications

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“…Chitosan can be properly utilized after converting into low molecular weight chitooligosaccharides (COS) which is water soluble and has lot of biological functions such as anti-tumor (Xu et al, 2008), anti-hepatotoxic activity (Senevirathne et al, 2011), anti-inflammatory (Pangestuti et al,2011), immunity enhancing effect (Wei et al,2013), anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidative properties (Katiyar et al, 2011). When degree of polymerization (DPs) of chitosan is reduced to < 20 and an average molecular weight < 3900Da then it is known as COS (Mourya et al, 2011). Chitosanolysis leads to the production of COS with different degree of polymerization containing various sequences of GluN and GluNAc by breaking O-glycosidic bonds in chitosan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and characterization of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides from crab shell waste

Varun

Senani

Kumar

et al. 2017

IJAR

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An experiment was carried out to utilize the crab shell waste for the production of chitin by chemical extraction method. The obtained chitin was processed to make the more useful compound chitosan by deacetylation of chitin using strong NaOH solution at high temperature. Yield of chitin and chitosan from crab shell waste was found to be 12.2 % and 10.54 %, respectively. Chitosan was further used to produce chito-oligosaccharides (COS) by acid hydrolysis using 0.5 N H 2 SO 4 , 1N H 2 SO 4 and 7N HCl at hourly intervals upto 6 hours and the average yield was 0.55, 0.84 and 1.93 mg/ml, respectively. Chitin and chitosan were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) technique which depicts different band representing various bonds present in the molecule and which were in agreement with the bands of standard chitin and chitosan. Further, COS were formed after acid hydrolysis of chitosan, which was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using glucosamine as a standard.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and characterization of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides from crab shell waste

Varun

Senani

Kumar

et al. 2017

IJAR

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“…Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), consisting of D-glucosamine linked via β-1,4-glycosides, are derived from chitosan by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis (1). It has been reported that COS exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumor (2) and antioxidant properties (3), owing to their low molecular weight, high absorption, solubility and biocompatibility (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan oligosaccharides downregulate the expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 induced by LPS in endothelial cells by inhibiting MAP kinase signaling

Liu

Wei

et al. 2013

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

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Abstract. The expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is involved in the adhesive interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes in inflammation. In this study, in order to characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on LPS-induced inflammation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the mRNA levels of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured in porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs). When these cells were treated with COS, the LPS-induced mRNA expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 was reduced through the inhibition of the signal transduction cascade, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Moreover, through the inhibition of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, COS suppressed the LPS-induced NF-κB p65 translocation. We found that COS suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the adhesion of U973 cells to PIECs. Based on these results, it can be concluded that COS downregulate the expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs and the activation of NF-κB in LPS-treated PIECs. Our study demonstrates the valuable anti-inflammatory properties of COS. IntroductionChitosan oligosaccharides (COS), consisting of D-glucosamine linked via β-1,4-glycosides, are derived from chitosan by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis (1). It has been reported that COS exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumor (2) and antioxidant properties (3), owing to their low molecular weight, high absorption, solubility and biocompatibility (4). In addition, recent studies have paid more attention to the regulatory role of COS in inflammatory responses (5,6).Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, can act as an endotoxin and initiates serious inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo (7,8) by upregulating the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines, such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (9,10). Endothelial cells are the target of inflammatory responses and thereby, of a number of severe disorders, including sepsis and multiple organ dysfunctions that occur via LPS stimulation (11). In this study, we detected the expression of the adhesion molecules, E-selectin and ICAM-1 in LPS-treated porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs), since the upregulation of adhesion molecules and the increased secretion of cytokines and chemokines are known to occur during endothelial cell activation (12)(13)(14).The evolutionary conserved family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) includes extracellular p38 MAPK, extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (15). Numerous environmental stresses, such as osmotic shock, ...

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“…Chitosan is the source of COS, but the solubility of chitosan has always been problematic leading to its application restriction. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The high bioactivity of COS has been more applicable than that of chitosan. The main method for producing the COS is the depolymerization of chitosan by enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main method for producing the COS is the depolymerization of chitosan by enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis. [1][2][3] But the product obtained is always the mixture of COS with different degrees of polymerization (DP). Many techniques have played significant roles in analysis and purification of COS. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), just using a small quantity of sample, has been employed for separating COS owing to its high resolving power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophilic interaction/weak cation-exchange mixed-mode chromatography for chitooligosaccharides separation

Dong

Shen

Gou

et al. 2012

Carbohydrate Research

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Chitooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and applications

Cited by 252 publications

References 249 publications

Extraction and characterization of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides from crab shell waste

Extraction and characterization of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides from crab shell waste

Chitosan oligosaccharides downregulate the expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 induced by LPS in endothelial cells by inhibiting MAP kinase signaling

Hydrophilic interaction/weak cation-exchange mixed-mode chromatography for chitooligosaccharides separation

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