Chitosan as a Bone Scaffold Biomaterial

Abstract

The current standard of care for bone reconstruction, whether secondary to injury, nonunion, cancer resection, or idiopathic bone loss, is autologous bone grafting. Alternatives to autograft and allograft bone substitutes currently being researched are synthetic and natural graft materials that are able to guide bone regeneration. One promising material currently being researched is chitosan, a highly versatile, naturally occurring polysaccharide, derived from the exoskeleton of arthropods that is comprised of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Research on chitosan as a bone scaffold has been promising. Chitosan is efficacious in bone regeneration due to its lack of immunogenicity, its biodegradability, and its physiologic features. Chitosan combined with growth factors and/or other scaffold materials has proven to be an effective alternative to autologous bone grafts. Additionally, current studies have shown that it can provide the additional benefit of a local drug delivery system. As research in the area of bone scaffolding continues to grow, further clinical research on chitosan in conjunction with growth factors, proteins, and alloplastic materials will likely be at the forefront.

Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Carbonate Apatite-Chitosan Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering Techniques

“…From the results of this examination, it can be concluded that the optimal concentration of chitosan powder that can be used in the manufacture of ChSs is 200 mg. 15 Current efforts are focused on improving the ability of ChSs in bone formation by combining ChSs with a calcium phosphate substance, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and carbonate apatite (CA). 7 HA and β-TCP have some disadvantages such as degradation or dissolution rate that is difficult to predict. HA made by sintering process with high temperature has non-degradable properties.…”

“…Chitosan may increase proliferation and differentiation in osteoblast cell cultures. 7 Chitosan has other useful characteristics, including bacteriostatic, hemostatic, anticholesterol and as enzymatic degradation. The properties of chitosan matrix, such as microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical strength, can be varied by changing the concentration, molecular weight and degrees of chitosan deacetylation.…”

The optimized drug delivery systems of treating cancer bone metastatic osteolysis with nanomaterials

“…In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, many implantable biomaterials have been designed with good biocompatibility and osteoconductive ability to promote bone tissue regeneration (Sarigol-Calamak & Hascicek, 2018;Martin & Bettencourt, 2018). Calcium phosphate (Lee et al, 2016), CS (Kozusko et al, 2018), collagen (Cruz-Neves et al, 2017), hyaluronic acid, nHA (Cruz-Neves et al, 2017), polymers (Olthof et al, 2018;Sarigol-Calamak & Hascicek, 2018), metal and some composites (Newman & Benoit, 2016) were often used to fabricate bionic scaffolds with osteogenesis drugs, factors or even cells carried on, like bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) (Holzapfel et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2016;Martin & Bettencourt, 2018;Olthof et al, 2018). These implanted bone tissue engineering or bone regeneration materials can be explored as multifunctional materials to carry anti-osteolysis drugs or anti-osteolysis drug delivery systems.…”

Nanomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: Chitosan-Based Scaffolds. A Systematic Review

“…The scaffold needs to have the capacity to promote osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction processes, cellular components (preosteogenic cells) must be delivered or attracted to its surface, and they must be activated by osteoinductive growth factors. Scaffold biomaterials are responsible for maintaining the appropriate space, in order to allow the implanted cells to deposit the ECM and to proliferate [5]. The recent review by Rodríguez-Vázquez et al (2015) [6] specified the main characteristics of scaffold biomaterials that are used in tissue engineering.…”

“…MCSs present several features, which improve the regeneration process: they have immunosuppressive capacity, act as endocrine secretors, and are able to differentiate into several cellular types, such as osteoblasts and adipose cells [9]. The BMPs stimulate osteogenesis and neovascularization [5]. Jafari et al (2015) [10] subdivided the scaffold biomaterials in two main groups: natural-based polymers and synthetic-based polymers, with different biodegradation rates, mechanical and physicochemical characteristics.…”