Chitosan/Calcium–Alginate Encapsulated Flaxseed Oil on Dairy Cattle Diet: In Vitro Fermentation and Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using chitosan nanoparticles and calcium alginate in the encapsulation of flaxseed oil on the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and in vitro fermentation. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments. The experimental treatments included: diets without oil additive (control), diet containing 7% flaxseed oil, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil, diet containing 7% oil encapsulated with 500 ppm chitosan nanocapsules, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil encapsulated with 1000 ppm chitosan nanocapsules, diet containing 7% of flaxseed oil encapsulated with 500 ppm of calcium alginate nanocapsules, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil encapsulated with 1000 ppm calcium alginate nanocapsules. The results showed that encapsulation of flaxseed oil with calcium alginate (14%) had a significant effect on gas production (p < 0.05). The treatment containing calcium alginate (14%) increased the digestibility of dry matter compared to the control treatment, but the treatments containing chitosan caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05). The results indicated that the percentage of ruminal saturated fatty acids decreased by encapsulation of flaxseed oil with chitosan (14% and 7%). The percentage of oleic unsaturated fatty acid by encapsulating flaxseed oil with chitosan (14%) had a significant increase compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). As a result, encapsulating flaxseed oil with chitosan (14%) reduced the unsaturated fatty acids generated during ruminal biohydrogenation.

The Effects of Encapsulation and Double-layer Emulsion of Peanut Oil on in vitro Rumen Degradability Rates and Fermentation Profile in Sheep

“…However, the protected peanut oil may be unattached by rumen microbes due to the exhaustion period to bind with the EDLEPO microcapsule membrane and emulsified layers. Besharati et al (2022) also confirmed the effects of fat coating and the type of microcapsule sources may explain the rumen degradability rates on the substrate, which can be due to differences in the amount of oil released from different microcapsules per unit of time and the total amount of oil released from the microcapsules.…”

“…Unfortunately, the present study results on degradability and gas production are not coherent with Olfaz et al (2018) findings. However, Besharati et al (2022) reported that the encapsulation of flaxseed oil with calcium alginate increased the dry matter degradability of substrate with a fluctuation effect on gas production during 96 h incubation. Some researchers reported that vegetable oil supplementation in the diet negatively affects rumen fermentation indicating reduced degradability rates and a lower microbial population (Yanza et al, 2021).…”

Tannin in Ruminant Nutrition: Review

“…Tannins can inhibit methanogens activity directly, limiting the degree of microbial hydrolysis, and indirectly decreasing the H2 availability [ 164 ], although this can reduce fiber digestion. Their ability to modify the ruminal microbiome can result in a reduction in protein degradation, can reduce methanogenesis and inhibit the fatty acids biohydrogenation [ 165 , 166 , 167 ] ( Figure 5 ).…”

Effects of Microencapsulated Essential Oils on Equine Health: Nutrition, Metabolism and Methane Emission

“…EOs have a sedative and stimulating effect on animals, as well as a positive effect on their behavior and immune system. Due to their modulating effect on intestinal microbiota, the use of EOs in animal feeding to improve productive performance, health, and nutrient absorption has become fairly common [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. However, the mechanisms underlying these functions in horse diets have not yet been fully elucidated.…”