Chitosan coated tungsten trioxide nanoparticles as a contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography

Highly Crystalline WO3 Nanoparticles Are Nontoxic to Stem Cells and Cancer Cells

“…As a rule, tungsten oxide nanoparticles demonstrate low cytotoxicity and are relatively safe in vitro in the concentration range of up to 1000 μg mL -1 . For example, WO 3 nanoparticles prepared by the electrical arc discharge method in deionized water [113] and coated by cross-linked chitosan demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 5000 μg/mL after 24 hours of incubation. Similarly, PEG-poly-ε-caprolactone encapsulated tungsten oxide nanoparticles (average diameter 108 nm, hydrodynamic diameter 152 nm) were synthesized by thermal decomposition of a tungsten precursor (WCl 6 ) in a polar nonaqueous solvent (diethylene glycol) and modified using a block copolymer [114].…”

Advantages and Limitations of Current Techniques for Analyzing the Biodistribution of Nanoparticles

“…Contrast agents that are more commonly incorporated into nanoparticles for CT analysis include iodine (Torchilin et al, 1999 ; Yordanov et al, 2002 ; Fu et al, 2006 ; Ho Kong et al, 2007 ; Elrod et al, 2009 ; de Vries et al, 2010 ; Hill et al, 2010 ; Hallouard et al, 2011 ), gold (Chie et al, 2010 ; Guo et al, 2010 ; Wang et al, 2011 ; Xiao et al, 2013 ), and bismuth (Rabin et al, 2006 ; Naha et al, 2014 ). However, various other elements such as gadolinium (Zhou et al, 2014 ), platinum (Chou et al, 2010 ), tantalum (Bonitatibus et al, 2010 ; Oh et al, 2011 ), tungsten (Jakhmola et al, 2014 ; Firouzi et al, 2017 ), and ytterbium (Pan et al, 2012 ; Jianhua et al, 2013 ) have also been used. Contrast agents for CT imaging can be loaded into the core of the nanoparticles, chemically grafted to the surface of nanoparticles, or inserted into the carrier membrane (e.g., lipid bilayer) (Cormode et al, 2014 ; Li et al, 2014 ).…”

Evaluation of X‐ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications

“…in vivo application of nanoparticles to the mouse increased the contrast level in blood up to 1 hr; besides this, contrast enhancement in liver, spleen, and kidneys followed up to 24 hr. Firouzi et al () produced tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) nanoparticles in 16 nm and coated them with chitosan. As a result, they obtained 30 nm chitosan coated nanoparticle.…”