Chitosan-Derived Synthetic Ion Exchangers: Characteristics and Applications

Abstract

Today growing science and technological needs explored various biopolymers to procure novel utilities in its modern developments. Consequently, polysaccharides embraced huge prospective and vastly caters such desired growing needs. Amid, chitin the second most ubiquitous after cellulose comprise of β-[1,4]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose flexible skeleton undergo alteration for requisite physico-chemical features and its highly sophisticated utility superseded counterpart cellulose. Chitosan have unique parameters namely bio-compatibility, non-toxicity, hemeostaticity, anti-microbials which offer competent solutions of many challenging problems. Thus, many products namely biomarkers, biosensors, quantum dots are fabricated via adoptable productive chitosan matrixes. Advancement in chitosan chemistry proffers unambiguous industrial utility in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nanobiotechnology, water purifications etc. Chitosan composites own enhanced muco-adhesivity that aids pharmacological safe and successful DNA/SiRNA/ tissue releases with bioavailability at target specific carriers. ZnO, ZnS, TiO2 filled/ imposed in chitosan and resultant hybrids, quantum dots, surface active microcapsules and nanoparticles are used as biosensors, bio-markers, adsorbents that proffers revolutionary medical usage. Nanointegrated chitosan own complementary strengths and possess assorted utility namely nano-electronic high-resolution devices, for in-vivo imaging, diseases diagnosis, generating new therapeutic and smart tissue engineering scaffolds. Novel modalities with innovative formulations are skillfully designed via chitosan matrix for myriad benefit in biology, chemistry, polymer, and pharmaceutics are displayed in this chapter.

Chitosan Formulations: Chemistry, Characteristics and Contextual Adsorption in Unambiguous Modernization of S&T

“…Chitosan hydrogels are resulted for in-situ gelling which is properly altered via pH-dependent hydrostability [1][2][3][4]. In-situ gelling delivery system derived from chitosan and polyacrylic acid blend yields liquid state formulation at moderate acidic pH which gets transformed into viscous gel at pH 7.5.…”

“…Bio-polymers yield via flora and fauna; plants, fungi and many other natural origins constantly attentive the worldwide researchers by virtue of endurance for atmosphere and our life [1]. Among bio-molecules polysaccharide like chitin/ chitosan which carried skeletal architecture in many animals besides feedstock used in rational designing of smart materials consequently [1,2]. S&T vitally explored chitin/chitosan for comprehensive growth and economic progression in assorted fields including clinical, medical, pharmaceutics and environment along with fulfilling sophisticated nanotechnology requirements [3].…”

“…S&T vitally explored chitin/chitosan for comprehensive growth and economic progression in assorted fields including clinical, medical, pharmaceutics and environment along with fulfilling sophisticated nanotechnology requirements [3]. Today scientific modernism and industry inventively carry out R&D in pharmaceutics, environment, and bio-technology which fortify livelihood and offers accessible facilities via copious trustworthy merchandise [1][2][3][4]. For this purpose, chitin/chitosan matrix is fore-mostly investigated to derive innovative formulations owing innate exclusive, multi-functional and particular variable characteristics devoid in customary stuff and counter parts [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

“…Nano-technology signified chitin chemistry in S&T via preparation of various innovative, creative and widely usable matrix formulations from lithe chitosan [7,8]. Model chitin/chitosan matrix can be improved which offers requisite beneficial applications in recent modernization [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Thus, chitosan is extraordinarily impressive to derive easy formulations accredited to innate proactive ▬NH 2 /▬OH functionalities as executed via varied physic-chemical chemical alterations viz.…”

“…; ▬NH 2 /▬OH acylation or alkylation and primary amine N-quaternization besides C-6 carboxylation [1]. Extensive adaptations in chitosan imparts inclusive cationic characters due to protonation of primary ▬NH 2 to ammonium ion ▬NH 3 + which resulted acid to alkaline pH dependency and extra solubility [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Liberal breakthrough are offered in many fields including nanoscience, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and tissue engineering scaffolds procured via chitin/chitosan outstanding character viz.…”