Chitosan-enhanced nonswelling hydrogel with stable mechanical properties for long-lasting underwater sensing

A highly tough, fatigue-resistant, low hysteresis hybrid hydrogel with a hierarchical cross-linked structure for wearable strain sensors

“…Moreover, from Fig. 6k, [32][33][34][35]37,60,61 the hydrogel also exhibited super stretchability, excellent GF value, high transparency and self-adhesion, which are of great importance to hydrogel-based sensors in practical applications. Besides, the hydrogels we prepared were designed as a hierarchical crosslinked structure and achieved a double win in electrical and mechanical properties, without any complicated components and preparation process, making them promising candidates for use as wearable sensors in practical applications.…”

“…40 In order to investigate the changes in the structure inside the hydrogel aer tensile cycling, the hydrogel was immediately freeze-dried and analyzed by SEM aer 100 loading-unloading cycles. It could be seen that aer 100 cycles at 100% strain, the hydrogel still had a distinct hierarchical structure and the small internal pores became denser, which might be due to the formation of entangled molecular chains [32][33][34][35]37,60,61 during the stretching process (Fig. S5a †).…”

“…6j. 8,9,32,42,54,[57][58][59] The PAM-HA-Zn1.0 hydrogel-based sensor exhibits lower hysteresis and higher toughness, indicating excellent fatigue resistant property. Moreover, from Fig.…”

“…8, 9, 32, 42, 54 and 57-59. (k) Comprehensive comparison of our work with other similar hydrogels reported in the literature in terms of stretchability, toughness, GF value, transparency and self-adhesion [32][33][34][35]37,60,61.…”

Anti-swelling hydrogels based on surfactant–polymer interactions for underwater sensing with excellent mechanical properties

“…On the one hand, this may be attributed to the rearrangement of ions within the hydrogel. [41][42][43][44] On the other hand, it may be due to the higher cross-linking density that can resist the intrusion of water molecules during the soaking process. S1 (ESI †) compares the mechanical properties of the hydrogel in this work with the previously reported hydrogel after immersion in water or normal saline for seven days.…”