Chitosan Functionalization: Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions and Their Characterization

Abstract

Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that has gained great interest in many research fields due to its promising biocompatibility, biodegradability, and favorable mechanical properties. The versatility of this low-cost polymer allows for a variety of chemical modifications via covalent conjugation and non-covalent interactions, which are designed to further improve the properties of interest. This review aims at presenting the broad range of functionalization strategies reported over the last five years to reflect the state-of-the art of CS derivatization. We start by describing covalent modifications performed on the CS backbone, followed by non-covalent CS modifications involving small molecules, proteins, and metal adjuvants. An overview of CS-based systems involving both covalent and electrostatic modification patterns is then presented. Finally, a special focus will be given on the characterization techniques commonly used to qualify the composition and physical properties of CS derivatives.

[Retracted] CuO‐TiO2‐Chitosan‐Berbamine Nanocomposites Induce Apoptosis through the Mitochondrial Pathway with the Expression of P53, BAX, and BCL‐2 in the Human K562 Cancer Cell Line

“…Previous research has demonstrated the antimicrobial properties and antiproliferative activity of CS-TiO 2 NPs [ 49 , 50 ] and also discovered a CS-TiO 2 NPs-based food preservation film and methyl orange dye degrading CS-TiO 2 composites [ 51 ]. The CS-TiO 2 nanoparticles may be used for industrial wastewater treatment because the functionalized CS possesses adsorbent properties such as mesoporous properties, which enhance CS-TiO 2 interactions, nano-size, and surface area [ 52 ].…”

Modification of Physio-Mechanical Properties of Chitosan-Based Films via Physical Treatment Approach

“…In this case, the non-covalent interaction of molecules is the primary approach to be considered to increase the mechanical properties of CS/PVA blends. According to Nicolle et al [ 45 ], chitosan-based materials can be modified in their characteristics via non-covalent attachment by combining with small molecules, proteins, and polymers. Under this technique, the characteristics of chitosan depend on non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and chelation.…”

Chitosan-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Effective Trapping of the Nerve Agent Simulant Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

“…However, the intensity of the peaks has increased in the MIP; this increase in the intensity could be attributed to ionic bonding taking place in the material. 35 A covalent bonding can be ruled out as the synthetic route selected does not favor the formation of amides in the structure. The implications of such a structure will have implications in the extraction process and reusability.…”