Chitosan/gelatin porous bone scaffolds made by crosslinking treatment and freeze‐drying technology: Effects of crosslinking durations on the porous structure, compressive strength, and in vitro cytotoxicity

Abstract

In this study, freezing was used to separate a solute (polymer) and solvent (deionized water). The polymer in the ice crystals was then crosslinked with solvents, and this diminished the linear pores to form a porous structure. Gelatin and chitosan were blended and frozen, after which crosslinking agents were added, and the whole was frozen again and then freeze-dried to form chitosan/gelatin porous bone scaffolds. Stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength testing, porosity testing, in vitro biocompatibility, and cytotoxicity were used to evaluate the properties of the bone scaffolds. The test results show that both crosslinking agents, glutaraldehyde (GA) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, were able to form a porous structure. In addition, the compressive strength increased as a result of the increased crosslinking time. However, the porosity and cell viability were not correlated with the crosslinking times. The optimal porous and interconnected pore structure occurred when the bone scaffolds were crosslinked with GA for 20 min. It was proven that crosslinking the frozen polymers successfully resulted in a division of the linear pores, and this resulted in interconnected multiple pores and a compressively strong structure. The 48-h cytotoxicity did not affect the cell viability. This study successfully produced chitosan/gelatin porous materials for biomaterials application.

The Diamond Concept Enigma: Recent Trends of Its Implementation in Cross-linked Chitosan-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…These cell lines are derived from bone tumors and can display similar properties as osteogenic cells like alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production and mineral deposition . Osteosarcomas have been widely used to investigate the osteogenic suitability of a various range of chitosan-based cross-linked scaffolds. ,,,,,, In the study by Shemshad et al , osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells seeded on a TPP cross-linked chitosan scaffold with addition of hydroxyapatite and bioactive silicate diopside is reported . By adding the osteogenic factor strontium to their scaffold, Rodríguez-Méndez et al observed increased ALP activity of MG-63 cells, whereas Pati et al .…”

“…188 Osteosarcomas have been widely used to investigate the osteogenic suitability of a various range of chitosan-based cross-linked scaffolds. 93,96,129,133,153,155,165 In the study by Shemshad et al, osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells seeded on a TPP cross-linked chitosan scaffold with addition of hydroxyapatite and bioactive silicate diopside is reported. 95 By adding the osteogenic factor strontium to their scaffold, Rodri ́guez-Meńdez et al observed increased ALP activity of MG-63 cells, whereas Pati et al demonstrated the benefits of cross-linking with an increase in mineralization (Figure 9).…”

Energy absorption and low-velocity impact response of shear thickening gel reinforced polyurethane foam

“…FPUFs has been widely used in the field of cushioning and energy absorption due to its lightweight and high specific strength, and its energy absorption effect is one of the indicators for evaluating the cushioning performance [25][26][27]. The energy absorbed by the composite is defined in equation…”

Shear thickening gel reinforced flexible polyurethane foam and its enhanced properties

“…Since the test condition was compression, the main EA and specific energy absorption (SEA) of the structure were mainly studied. The total EA δ EA is defined in equation (3).…”

“…In the past few decades, due to the frequent occurrence of injuries caused by vehicle accidents and sports collisions, energy absorbing materials have become a research hot-topic in the field of protection. Among them, flexible polyurethane foam was one of the most widely used flexible materials in energy absorption (EA) [1][2][3]. Flexible polyurethane foam can basically restore the original size and achieve reuse when subjected to minor compression [4][5][6].…”