Chitosan modulated engineer tin dioxide nanoparticles well dispersed by reduced graphene oxide for high and stable lithium-ion storage

Optimizing Porosity and Heteroatom Functionalities in Amorphous Carbon-Rich g-C3N4 for Dual-Mode Photocatalysis through Solar to Green Hydrogen and Chemical Energy Conversion

“…For the synthesis of CN-U, 3 g of melamine and varying amounts of urea-derived CDs (5,10,15,20,40, and 80 mg equal wt to 0.16, 0.33, 0.66, 1, and 2%) were mixed together in a 250 mL round-bottomed flask containing 30 mL of water under sonication for 2 h. Next, the liquid solution was dried by using a rotavapor at 60 °C. The resulting solid was then placed in an alumina boat, and then it was covered; after that the boat was kept under heating to 500 °C (ramp rate 20 °C/min) in a tube furnace for 4 h in air.…”

“…In this context, carbon-based nanomaterials can be considered to be suitable alternatives. 3,14,15 Recently, graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C 3 N 4 ) have become potential materials due their suitable band gap, chemical stability, and easy synthetic techniques from simple molecular precursors. 16−18 However, pristine g-C 3 N 4 also has several challenges due to the limited absorption of visible light, low surface area, high rate of recombinations, lack of active sites, etc.…”

“…By mimicking natural photosynthesis, one can directly convert solar energy to green hydrogen through an energetically uphill water splitting reaction through photocatalysis. , However, it needs the development of efficient photocatalysts which can harvest sufficient solar light, followed by exciton generation, charge separation, and the migration of free carriers and their localization at active sites for desired redox reactions. − Until now, traditional metal-based semiconductors have showed their potential impacts in this particular aspect. , However, metal-based semiconductors have several disadvantages due to their toxicity, lack of visible light absorption, lack of earth abundance, complicated synthetic protocols, etc. ,, Therefore, in contrast to metal-based photocatalysts, it is highly desirable to develop alternative photocatalysts without compromising the catalytic efficiency. In this context, carbon-based nanomaterials can be considered to be suitable alternatives. ,, Recently, graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C 3 N 4 ) have become potential materials due their suitable band gap, chemical stability, and easy synthetic techniques from simple molecular precursors. − However, pristine g-C 3 N 4 also has several challenges due to the limited absorption of visible light, low surface area, high rate of recombinations, lack of active sites, etc. which eventually reduce the overall catalytic efficiency. − To overcome this, several approaches have been considered, e.g., heteroatom (metallic and nonmetallic) doping, copolymerization, forming heterojunctional hybrids with metal-based semiconductors, etc .…”

Phytic Acid Assisted Fabrication of High Specific Surface Area Carbon-Wrapped Ni2P4O12 Nanoparticle Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Battery

“…In the NPO-HP-GL, NPO-PA, and NPO-PA-GL samples, the peak intensities of these oxygenated groups were relatively low, and the intensity of the C�C/C−C carbon bonds is much higher (50−53% of the peak area, Table S2), indicating that most of the carbon skeleton was constituted by glucose and phytate that experienced a more exhaustive deoxidization during the final pyrolysis process. 8 Figure 4e displays that the Ni 2p spectrum contains two spin−orbit split Ni 2p 3/2 and Ni 2p 1/2 characteristic peaks, which can be decomposed into four peaks. For the NPO-PA-GL sample, two peaks situated at 857.84 and 875.39 eV were representative of Ni 2+ , 38 while the peaks at 861.93 and 877.75 eV belonged to Ni 3+ .…”

“…LIBs with graphite as the anode and lithium cobaltate as the cathode became available to the market in 1991, but the finite theoretical capacity of the graphite anode (372 mA h g –1 ) and the suboptimal multiplication capability rendered LIBs inadequate to fulfill the requirements of large-scale application devices. Therefore, the exploitation of anode materials with highly functional lithium storage is essential for the LIB’s evolution …”