Chlamydial diversity and predictors of infection in a wild Australian parrot, the Crimson Rosella (
            <i>Platycercus elegans</i>
            )

Stokes, Helena S.; Martens, Johanne M.; Jelocnik, Martina; Walder, Ken; Segal, Yonatan; Berg, Mathew L.; Bennett, Andrew T. D.

doi:10.1111/tbed.13703

Cited by 12 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…We found no effect of chlamydial infection on host body condition, which accords with our recent study of crimson rosellas 42 . This could be indicative of endemic infection, whereby wild parrots have a stable host-parasite relationship with Chlamydiales, as similarly hypothesised by de Freitas Raso et al for hyacinth macaws in Brazil 24 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…A negative control was included in every reaction. The reliability of this method was confirmed by carrying out repeated scoring analysis of a subset of samples (n = 40) in a previous study 42 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Another limitation is that some of the samples we sequenced were unsuccessful, most likely due to mixed infections, or low DNA concentration. Additionally, we did not sequence all PCR positive samples, so it is possible we may have detected bacteria outside the order Chlamydiales; however we consider this unlikely, since results from this study and our previous work 42 confirmed that all successfully sequenced samples were within the Chlamydiales. The short fragment (298 bp) also prevented us from identifying all sequenced Chlamydiales to species level; future studies could use primers targeting a larger fragment, to facilitate identification to a genus or species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Number of samples which tested positive for Chlamydiales by PCR, and sample identity as determined by species-specific PCR analyses and sequencing. a Denotes sequences obtained in previous studies 41,42 . (Fig.…”

Section: Testing For Geographical and Temporal Differences In Prevalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Stokes

Martens

Walder

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Chlamydia psittaci (order: Chlamydiales) is a globally distributed zoonotic bacterium that can cause potentially fatal disease in birds and humans. Parrots are a major host, yet prevalence and risk factors for infection in wild parrots are largely unknown. Additionally, recent research suggests there is a diverse range of novel Chlamydiales circulating in wildlife. We therefore sampled seven abundant parrot species in south-eastern Australia, taking cloacal swabs and serum from n = 132 wild adults. We determined C. psittaci and Chlamydiales prevalence and seroprevalence, and tested for host species, sex, geographical and seasonal differences, and temporal changes in individual infection status. Across all species, Chlamydiales prevalence was 39.8% (95% CI 31.6, 48.7), C. psittaci prevalence was 9.8% (95% CI 5.7, 16.3) and C. gallinacea prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI 0.1, 4.5). Other Chlamydiales species were not identified to species level. We identified two C. psittaci strains within the 6BC clade, which is highly virulent in humans. Seroprevalence was 37.0% (95% CI 28.5, 46.4). Host species (including crimson rosellas, galahs, sulphur-crested cockatoos and blue-winged parrots) differed in seroprevalence and Chlamydiales prevalence. Galahs had both highest Chlamydiales prevalence (54.8%) and seroprevalence (74.1%). Seroprevalence differed between sites, with a larger difference in males (range 20–63%) than females (29–44%). We reveal a higher chlamydial prevalence than previously reported in many wild parrots, with implications for potential reservoirs, and transmission risks to humans and other avian hosts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Testing For Geographical and Temporal Differences In Prevalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Stokes

Martens

Walder

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…C. gallinacea has to date primarily been associated with poultry, having been detected in chickens and other poultry species in several countries globally [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], although it has been reported in one captive Passeriformes bird in Argentina [ 45 ]. Within the last four years, C. gallinacea has also been identified in wild birds, in two parrot species in Australia [ 33 , 46 ] and woodcock ( Scolopax rusticola ) in South Korea [ 36 ]. C. avium was also originally identified in captive birds, namely parrots and pigeons [ 39 ] with more recent isolation from wild Columbiformes [ 47 , 48 ] and a wild ring-necked parakeet ( Psittacula krameri ) [ 49 ].…”

Section: Chlamydial Diversity In Wild Birds—the Known and The Novelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Chlamydial Infections in Wild Birds

2021

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The Chlamydia are a globally distributed genus of bacteria that can infect and cause disease in a range of hosts. Birds are the primary host for multiple chlamydial species. The most well-known of these is Chlamydia psittaci, a zoonotic bacterium that has been identified in a range of wild and domesticated birds. Wild birds are often proposed as a reservoir of Chlamydia psittaci and potentially other chlamydial species. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge of chlamydial infections in wild avian populations. We focus on C. psittaci but also consider other Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria that have been identified in wild birds. We summarise the diversity, host range, and clinical signs of infection in wild birds and consider the potential implications of these infections for zoonotic transmission and avian conservation. Chlamydial bacteria have been found in more than 70 species of wild birds, with the greatest chlamydial diversity identified in Europe. The Corvidae and Accipitridae families are emerging as significant chlamydial hosts, in addition to established wild hosts such as the Columbidae. Clarifying the effects of these bacteria on avian host fitness and the zoonotic potential of emerging Chlamydiales will help us to understand the implications of these infections for avian and human health.

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