Chlamydial infection. Role of Chlamydia subgroup A in non-gonococcal and post-gonococcal urethritis.

Richmond, Shirley J.; Hilton, A. L.; Clarke, S. K. R.

doi:10.1136/sti.48.6.437

Cited by 85 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…At the time of initiation of the second retreatment, seven who had originally been ureaplasma positive were again recultured and ureaplasma was again recovered from five of the seven. reactivate a latent chlamydial infection (2). If this were true, then C. trachomatis would be present coincidentally or as a secondary pathogen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Bowie¹,

Wang²,

Alexander³

et al. 1977

J. Clin. Invest.

181

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlamydia trachomatis has been recovered from the urethra from 30-50% of men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)l (1)(2)(3)(4), and from a significantly lower proportion of controls without urethritis (1,2), or with gonorrhea (1). Serologic evidence suggests chlamydia infection is recently acquired in many men with NGU (1,5,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Bowie¹,

Wang²,

Alexander³

et al. 1977

J. Clin. Invest.

181

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“…With this breakthrough, epidemiologic studies of the association of C. trachomatis with STDs could be performed (4,38,76,125,147). Substantial improvements in cell culture methods for C. trachomatis isolation continued throughout the 1960s and 1970s.…”

Section: Specimen Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections

Barnes

1989

Clin Microbiol Rev

167

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Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen that causes ocular disease (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), genital disease (cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and respiratory disease (infant pneumonitis). Respiratory chlamydioses also occur with infection by avian strains of C. psittaci or infection by the newly described TWAR agent. Diagnosis of most acute C. trachomatis infections relies on detection of the infecting agent by cell culture, fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, cytopathologic, or nucleic acid hybridization methods. Individual non-culture tests for C. trachomatis are less sensitive and specific than the best chlamydial cell culture system but offer the advantages of reduced technology and simple transport of clinical specimens. Currently available nonculture tests for C. trachomatis perform adequately as screening tests in populations in which the prevalence of infection is greater than 10%. A negative culture or nonculture test for C. trachomatis does not, however, exclude infection. The predictive value of a positive nonculture test may be unsatisfactory when populations of low infection prevalence are tested. Tests that detect antibody responses to chlamydial infection have limited utility in diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection because of the high prevalence of persistent antibody in healthy adults and the cross-reactivity due to infection by the highly prevalent C. trachomatis and TWAR agents. Assays for changes in antibody titer to the chlamydial genus antigen are used for the diagnosis of respiratory chlamydioses. A single serum sample that is negative for chlamydial antibody excludes the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

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“…Because the urethritis is abacterial, either mycoplasmas (Shepard, 1968;Ford, 1970;McCormack, Braun, Lee, Klein, and Kass, 1973) or Chlamydia (Dunlop, VaughanJackson, Darougar, and Jones, 1972;Oriel, Reeve, Powis, Miller, and Nicol, 1972;Richmond, Hilton, and Clarke, 1972) have become the main contenders for an aetiological role and a voluminous literature supports each viewpoint. The evidence supporting T-mycoplasmas as a major cause of non-specific urethritis consists of their high isolation rate of above 60 per cent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-specific urethritis associated with a tetracycline-resistant T-mycoplasma.

Ford¹,

Smith²

1974

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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CanadaWhile the causes of venereally-acquired non-specific urethritis in men remain debatable, there is strong evidence that a tetracycline-sensitive infective agent is responsible for the majority of cases. Because the urethritis is abacterial, either mycoplasmas (Shepard, 1968;Ford, 1970;McCormack, Braun, Lee, Klein, and Kass, 1973) or Chlamydia (Dunlop, VaughanJackson, Darougar, and Jones, 1972;Oriel, Reeve, Powis, Miller, and Nicol, 1972;Richmond, Hilton, and Clarke, 1972) have become the main contenders for an aetiological role and a voluminous literature supports each viewpoint. The evidence supporting T-mycoplasmas as a major cause of non-specific urethritis consists of their high isolation rate of above 60 per cent. in most studies, and their sensitivity to tetracycline and erythromycin (Shepard, Lunceford, and Baker, 1966), but resistance to lincomycin (Csonka and Spitzer, 1969) which accords with the response of the disease to these antibiotics. The present report concerns the isolation of a T-mycoplasma highly resistant to tetracycline, in a patient whose urethritis was unaffected by the antibiotic. Case report A 36-year-old businessman had been seen by one of us (D.K.F.) on nine occasions in the previous 15 years for non-specific urethritis. On each of these occasions there was an associated pain in the left knee and on the first five occasions the left knee was observed to be swollen and warm; on one occasion there was an associated conjunctivitis and on another the right wrist was also found to be swollen and warm. The episodes of acute arthritis, however, never lasted longer than 2 to 4 weeks. On two occasions he had minimal circinate balanitis, but at no time keratoderma blennorrhagica. Previous treatment for the urethritis had always been with tetracycline and the urethral symptoms had always cleared promptly.In August, 1973, he complained of an urethral discharge which followed an extramarital exposure a few days previously. He had ceased to have intercourse with his wife because the marriage was breaking up. He also Received for publication December 5, 1973 complained of some pain in the left knee but this was not swollen. He was treated with tetracycline 500 mg. three times daily for 10 days and was not seen again for 2 months.In October, 1973, he returned and stated that the discharge had never completely cleared after the previous tetracycline treatment. He denied any further exposures. ExaminationThere was a moderately profuse mucopurulent discharge. Microscopical examination of the urethral smear stained by Gram's method showed many polymorphs, scattered diphtheroids, but no gonococci or yeasts. He was started on tetracycline 500 mg. three times daily.He returned 5 days later and stated that the discharge was unaffected by the tetracycline, which he had taken as prescribed. He was found to have a moderately profuse purulent discharge. Because of the unusual circumstances, the hospital bacteriologist was called in consultation and both Gram-stained and wet preparations were examined wit...

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Chlamydial infection. Role of Chlamydia subgroup A in non-gonococcal and post-gonococcal urethritis.

Cited by 85 publications

References 18 publications

Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections

Non-specific urethritis associated with a tetracycline-resistant T-mycoplasma.

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