Chlamydiales: Properties, Cycle of Development and Effect on Eukaryotic Host Cells

Storz, J.; Spears, Patricia A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66653-7_5

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Based on ultrastructural observations, the prokaryotes in gill connective tissue were clearly Chlamydiales-like (Storz & Spears 1977). Elementary bodies and reticulate bodies were morphologically similar to the Chlamydiales-like infections reported from marine bivalves .…”

Section: Taxonomic Assignment Of Prokaryotessupporting

confidence: 67%

Characterization of intracytoplasmic prokaryote infections in Dreissena sp. (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae)

Giambérini²,

Jf³

et al. 2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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This study characterizes intracytoplasmic infections with prokaryote microorganisms in Dreissena sp. (near Dreissena polymorpha) from northeastern Greece and represents the first report of such infections in freshwater bivalves. Light microscope observations of stained tissues revealed basophilic, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in 87.5% (28/32) of the mussels sectioned. Inclusions in epithelial cells and connective tissues were noted, respectively, in 34.4 and 71.9% of the sample, with 5 mussels (15.6%) having both tissue types infected. Epithelial cell infections were observed in histological sections only in digestive gland tubules and ducts; within tubules, inclusions were present more often in secretory than digestive cells. Connective tissue infections, however, were systemic; among the 32 mussels sectioned, inclusions were found in the gills (65.6%), foot (12.5%), mantle (9.4%), labial palps (6.3%), digestive gland (6.3%), stomach (6.3%), and gonads (3.1%). Cytoplasmic inclusions (maximum dimension, 138 µm) were prominent enough in the gills to be visible in 17.0% of the 247 mussels dissected. Ultrastructurally, prokaryote cells in gill connective tissues were clearly characteristic of Chlamydiales-like organisms, with each intracytoplasmic inclusion containing a loosely packed mixture of elementary, reticulate, intermediate bodies, and blebs. Prokaryote colonies in digestive gland epithelial cells exclusively contained 1 of 4 morphological cell types and were considered Rickettsiales-like. Hexagonal, virus-like particles were present in the cytoplasm of the largest of these Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes. Although host stress was evident from localized cell necrosis and dense hemocyte infiltration, overall infection was fairly benign, with no major, adverse impact on body condition evident among sectioned or dissected mussels. A possible negative effect was partial constriction of gill water tubes, but at the infection intensity observed (typical range 1 to 7 inclusion bodies per section), significant interference with respiration and other metabolic functions of the gills was highly unlikely.

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Section: Taxonomic Assignment Of Prokaryotessupporting

confidence: 67%

Characterization of intracytoplasmic prokaryote infections in Dreissena sp. (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae)

Giambérini²,

Jf³

et al. 2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Although branchial lesions and significant mortalities were observed in both populations of juvenile lake trout, an etiological role cannot be ascribed with certainty to the epitheliocystis agent. The systemic lesions observed in fish during epizootics, including renal glomerulitis and renal tubule degeneration, and extensive hyperplasia of epithelia1 cells of the skin, nares, upper palate, and alimentary tract are consonant with pathological conditions associated with several other epitheliocystis infections and with chlamydial infections in other vertebrates (Storz 1971). Miyazaki et al (1986) observed similar renal lesions in red sea bream Pagrus major infected with epitheliocystis during an epizootic that resulted in a 20% mortality.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The ultrastructural characteristics of the primary agents found in fish at Hatcheries A and B were similar to those unique to the chlamydial life cycle. Three of the 4 forms of the chlamydial developmental cycle exhibited the appropriate dimensions and shapes (Storz & Spears 1977, Avakyan & Popov 1984. The fourth atypical or HTC form, previously described by Rourke et al (1984) in Salmo gairdnen, may represent an atypical elementary body form.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epitheliocystis associated with massive mortalities of cultured lake trout Saivelinus namaycush

Bradley¹,

Newcomer²,

Maxwell³

1988

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The etiological agent of epitheliocystis in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush at 2 hatcheries (A and B) in the United States was investigated utilizing light, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Branchial inclusions observed in fish at Hatchery A were dispersed at the base of, and randomly along, the secondary lamellae. They included epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and diffuse lamellar edema and fusion. In fish at Hatchery B the branchial inclusions were located predominantly on the primary lamellae. Pathological alterations were less severe, and were characterized primarily by focal lesions of epithelial hypertrophy. The epitheliocystis particles within the branchial inclusions of fish at both hatcheries exhibited typical chlamydia morphology, size, and developmental stages. A form uncharacteristic of chlamydia was also observed. In addition, a nonchlamydia-like agent was found in branchial tissue of fish at Hatchery B. Immunofluorescent staining of infected branchial tissue with a monoclonal antibody to an antigen specific for the chlamydia genus indicated that the agents lack the lipopolysaccharide common to all known Chlamydia species. Attempts to isolate the agents in McCoy and epithelioma papillosum cyprini (EPC) cell culture systems optirnized for chlamydial growth were unsuccessful, possibly due to the poor condition of tissue samples. Massive mortalities of lake trout observed at the 2 hatcheries were associated with the epitheliocystis infections. Investigations in other laboratories failed to reveal the presence of other agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, ectoparasites) or suboptimal conditions in water quality that might account for the mortalities. The branchial and systemic lesions observed in fish during epizootics are consonant with findings for several epitheliocystis agents and for chlamydia-like agents in other fish species.

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“…Other authors observed cpe in cell cultures infected with virulent Chlamydia strains, too (Krauss & Schmeer, 1992;Piraino, 1969;Storz & Spears, 1977).…”

Section: In Raptorsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Investigation on the frequency ofChlamydiasp. infections in tits (Paridae)

et al. 1997

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SUMMARYA total of 788 cloacal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from 399 free-living, clinically healthy tits. Ten nestlings were examined by cloacal swabs only. Additionally, six dead tits were necropsied and various organs were collected for testing. All swabs and organ samples were tested for Chlamydia Chlamydia sp. was detected by immunofluorescence with FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies after 90 h incubation on Buffalo-Green-Monkey (BGM) cell cultures at 37°C.Fifty-four per cent of 399 tits examined were Chlamydia positive. Chlamydia was detected in 154 of 399 pharyngeal swabs (39%) and in 144 of 389 cloacal swabs (37%). Blue tits (Parus caeruleus) were most frequently Chlamydia positive (70%), followed by great tits (Pants major) with 53% and marsh tits (Parus palustris) with 38%.No significant relationship was established between Chlamydia detection and time of the year, age, sex or size of birds at the time of sampling. Tits examined two or three times were intermittent shedders. Four of the 10 tit nestlings (Parus major) examined were already Chlamydia positive at the age of 10 days. Chlamydia was detected in four of six necropsied tits. The necropsies showed that all of the positive tits were cachectic. The livers of three of the four positive tits were pathologically changed and splenomegaly was observed in two of the four. No CEF (chick embryo fibroblast)-pathogenic viruses and no bacteria were found in these animals. This indicates that chlamydiosis was the only cause of death. Two of the Chlamydia sp. isolates from the dead tits produced cytopathic effects (cpe) in BGM cell cultures. These cytopathic isolates may be more virulent than the isolates from healthy tits, which did not cause visible alterations in BGM cell cultures.The results of this study and the frequent shedding of Chlamydia in healthy tits prove that most tits intermittently shed Chlamydia sp. as latent carriers, but that lethal Chlamydia infections can also occur in tits.

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Chlamydiales: Properties, Cycle of Development and Effect on Eukaryotic Host Cells

Cited by 29 publications

References 166 publications

Characterization of intracytoplasmic prokaryote infections in Dreissena sp. (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae)

Characterization of intracytoplasmic prokaryote infections in Dreissena sp. (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae)

Epitheliocystis associated with massive mortalities of cultured lake trout Saivelinus namaycush

Investigation on the frequency ofChlamydiasp. infections in tits (Paridae)

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