Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

Moussallem, Imad; Jörissen, Jakob; Kunz, Ulrich; Pinnow, Stefan; Turek, Thomas

doi:10.1007/s10800-008-9556-9

Cited by 257 publications

(241 citation statements)

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“…More importantly, when used as an ORR catalyst to construct the air electrode for Zn-air battery, our metal-free catalyst outperformed the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst. The exceptional ORR activity and durability of our material make it also highly promising as ORR catalyst for other related electrochemical devices, such as alkaline fuel cells 36,37 and chlor-alkali electrolysers 38 . We believe that our synthetic protocol for optimizing nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials can be further extended to fabricate other metal-free and even nonprecious metal electrocatalysts with enhanced ORR performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically porous carbons with optimized nitrogen doping as highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

et al. 2014

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Development of efficient, low-cost and stable electrocatalysts as the alternative to platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction is of significance for many important electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, metal-air batteries and chlor-alkali electrolysers. Here we report a highly active nitrogen-doped, carbon-based, metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst, prepared by a hard-templating synthesis, for which nitrogen-enriched aromatic polymers and colloidal silica are used as precursor and template, respectively, followed by ammonia activation. Our protocol allows for the simultaneous optimization of both porous structures and surface functionalities of nitrogen-doped carbons. Accordingly, the prepared catalysts show the highest oxygen reduction reaction activity (half-wave potential of 0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode with a low loading of 0.1 mg cm À 2 ) in alkaline media among all reported metal-free catalysts. Significantly, when used for constructing the air electrode of zinc-air battery, our metal-free catalyst outperforms the state-of the-art platinum-based catalyst.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically porous carbons with optimized nitrogen doping as highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

et al. 2014

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“…Numerous attempts to incorporate the ODC into a reliable, stable and scalable chlorine production process have been reported. 9 The cooperation of ThyssenKrupp Uhde Chlorine Engineers, Covestro, and other partners was initiated by two publicly funded projects. This cooperation resulted in the development of a threecompartment cell, the so-called percolator cell design depicted in Fig.…”

Section: Fig 1 Half-cell Reactions and Standard Electrode Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Efficient Manufacturing of Chlorine and Other Chemicals

Kintrup

Millaruelo

Trieu

et al. 2017

Electrochem. Soc. Interface

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Electrochemical chlorine production is one of the most energy-intensive processes in the chemical industry. Chlorine producers are interested in sustainable ways of optimizing these processes to reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint. A significant improvement was made possible by Covestro and its technology partners by using the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and a gas diffusion electrode—the oxygen depolarized cathode (ODC)—in the electrolysis process. Energy savings of up to 30% can be achieved with this configuration. Gas diffusion electrodes are also used in fuel cells, and due to ongoing efforts in research and development, they are expected to enable the industrial implementation of new, sustainable electrochemical processes including electrosynthesis, water treatment, power generation, and energy storage.

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“…NaOH can be taken from the waste streams coming from Merox Towers [27] or from subproduct flows of chlor-alkali industry [28]. In this latter case, the use of NaOH-containing streams for CO 2 capture opens the opportunity to implement an integrated (membrane) process; i.e., CO 2 capture & sodium carbonate crystallization-for the valorization of the wastewater in an internal process loop on the chlor-alkali industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Capture by Alkaline Solution for Carbonate Production: A Comparison between a Packed Column and a Membrane Contactor

2018

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Abstract:A comparison between a traditional packed column and a novel membrane contactor used for CO 2 absorption with carbonate production is addressed in this paper. Membrane technology is generally characterized by a lower energy consumption, it offers an independent control of gas and liquid streams, a known interfacial area and avoids solvent dragging. Those advantages make it a potential substitute of conventional absorption towers. The effect of the concentration and the flow rates of both the flue gas (10-15% of CO 2 ) and the alkaline sorbent (NaOH, NaOH/Na 2 CO 3 ) on the variation of the species present in the system, the mass transfer coefficient, and the CO 2 removal efficiency was evaluated. Under the studied operation conditions, the membrane contactor showed very competitive results with the conventional absorption column, even though the highest mass transfer coefficient was found in the latter technology. In addition, the membrane contactor offers an intensification factor higher than five due to its compactness and modular character.

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Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

Cited by 257 publications

References 50 publications

Hierarchically porous carbons with optimized nitrogen doping as highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

Hierarchically porous carbons with optimized nitrogen doping as highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Efficient Manufacturing of Chlorine and Other Chemicals

CO2 Capture by Alkaline Solution for Carbonate Production: A Comparison between a Packed Column and a Membrane Contactor

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