Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol

Dowling, Patricia M.

doi:10.1002/9781118675014.ch16

Cited by 48 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The efficacy and safety of florfenicol have been established in various animals [5,8]. Although florfenicol is currently approved for use in cattle, pigs and some aquatic species like salmon and eel, it is not approved for use in dogs and no critical breakpoints have been defined for dogs [17].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Although florfenicol is currently approved for use in cattle, pigs and some aquatic species like salmon and eel, it is not approved for use in dogs and no critical breakpoints have been defined for dogs [17]. However, its off-label use in a number of species and the issue of antibiotic resistance are common concerns that demand investigation to determine the value of this compound in other species [5,8]. In this regard, the present study demonstrated a favorable pharmacokinetic profile of florfenicol in beagle dogs, in terms of rapid and complete absorption, extensive tissue distribution and prolonged elimination period.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics of a Florfenicol-Tylosin Combination after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Beagle Dogs

Kim

Gebru

Lee

et al. 2011

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. A pharmacokinetic study of a commercial florfenicol-tylosin (2:1) combination product was conducted in six beagle dogs after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at doses of 10 mg/kg (florfenicol) and 5 mg/kg (tylosin). Serum drug concentrations were determined by a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV detection. A rapid and nearly complete absorption of both drugs with a mean IM bioavailability of 103.9% (florfenicol) and 92.6% (tylosin), prolonged elimination halflife, and high tissue penetration with steady state volume of distribution of 2.63 l/kg (florfenicol) and 1.98 l/kg (tylosin) were observed. Additional studies, including pharmacodynamic and toxicological evaluation are required before recommendations can be made regarding the clinical application of the product in dogs.

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Pharmacokinetics of a Florfenicol-Tylosin Combination after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Beagle Dogs

Kim

Gebru

Lee

et al. 2011

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Chloramphenicol, known previously as chloromycetin, was first acquired from Streptomyces venezuelae (Schwarz et al, 2004). Amphenicols inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with protein synthesis (Dowling, 2013;Sams, 1994). They prevent protein elongation by inhibiting the peptidyl transferase activity at the bacterial ribosome (Schwarz et al, 2004;Sosa, 2009).…”

Section: Phenicolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Florfenicol can cause a dose dependent bone marrow suppression in animals but does not cause idiosyncratic aplastic anaemia in humans (Dowling, 2013). Florfenicol, however, is not used in Australian poultry (Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), 2015; Australian Veterinary Association, 2017).…”

Section: Phenicolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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“…While the molecular basis of ksgA-mediated macrolide resistance is unknown, macrolides bind to the 50S subunit, causing premature detachment of incomplete polypeptide chains, resulting in impaired protein synthesis (41). Chloramphenicol also binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis by preventing growth of the polypeptide chain (42). Interestingly, one binding site of chloramphenicol lies at the entrance of the peptide exit tunnel (E site) overlapping partially the macrolide erythromycin binding site (43).…”

Section: Fig 1 Ksga Deficiency Decreases the Ability Of S Enteritidimentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl Adenosine Transferase (KsgA) Deficiency in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Confers Susceptibility to High Osmolarity and Virulence Attenuation in Chickens

Chiok

Addwebi

Guard

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bDimethyl adenosine transferase (KsgA) performs diverse roles in bacteria, including ribosomal maturation and DNA mismatch repair, and synthesis of KsgA is responsive to antibiotics and cold temperature. We previously showed that a ksgA mutation in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis results in impaired invasiveness in human and avian epithelial cells. In this study, we tested the virulence of a ksgA mutant (the ksgA::Tn5 mutant) of S. Enteritidis in orally challenged 1-day-old chickens. The ksgA:: Tn5 mutant showed significantly reduced intestinal colonization and organ invasiveness in chickens compared to those of the wild-type (WT) parent. Phenotype microarray (PM) was employed to compare the ksgA::Tn5 mutant and its isogenic wild-type strain for 920 phenotypes at 28°C, 37°C, and 42°C. At chicken body temperature (42°C), the ksgA::Tn5 mutant showed significantly reduced respiratory activity with respect to a number of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, and peptide nitrogen nutrients. The greatest differences were observed in the osmolyte panel at concentrations of >6% NaCl at 37°C and 42°C. In contrast, no major differences were observed at 28°C. In independent growth assays, the ksgA::Tn5 mutant displayed a severe growth defect in high-osmolarity (6.5% NaCl) conditions in nutrient-rich (LB) and nutrient-limiting (M9 minimum salts) media at 42°C. Moreover, the ksgA::Tn5 mutant showed significantly reduced tolerance to oxidative stress, but its survival within macrophages was not impaired. Unlike Escherichia coli, the ksgA::Tn5 mutant did not display a cold-sensitivity phenotype; however, it showed resistance to kasugamycin and increased susceptibility to chloramphenicol. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the role of ksgA in S. Enteritidis virulence in chickens, tolerance to high osmolarity, and altered susceptibility to kasugamycin and chloramphenicol.

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Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol

Cited by 48 publications

References 39 publications

Pharmacokinetics of a Florfenicol-Tylosin Combination after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Beagle Dogs

Pharmacokinetics of a Florfenicol-Tylosin Combination after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Beagle Dogs

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Dimethyl Adenosine Transferase (KsgA) Deficiency in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Confers Susceptibility to High Osmolarity and Virulence Attenuation in Chickens

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