Chlorate Candles as a Source of Oxygen

Schechter, William H.; Miller, R. R.; Bovard, Robert M.; Jackson, C. B.; Pappenheimer, J. R.

doi:10.1021/ie50491a045

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…5,6 During World War II, the Japanese introduced a chemical oxygen generator for aircraft pilot use. Both of those devices had serious shortcomings because they generated oxygen contaminated with excessive amounts of chlorine and carbon monoxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both of those devices had serious shortcomings because they generated oxygen contaminated with excessive amounts of chlorine and carbon monoxide. 5,6 The early Japanese candles actually used carbon as the sacrificial energy source leading to much higher amounts of carbon monoxide and dioxide being produced. 5 By 1945, sodium chlorate oxygen candles had been improved and had been tested aboard the USS Sailfish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 The early Japanese candles actually used carbon as the sacrificial energy source leading to much higher amounts of carbon monoxide and dioxide being produced. 5 By 1945, sodium chlorate oxygen candles had been improved and had been tested aboard the USS Sailfish. 3 The candles were developed in part by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 5 and the Oldbury ElectroChemical Corporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The candles were developed in part by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 5 and the Oldbury ElectroChemical Corporation. 5,6 Candles were considered a supplementary oxygen supply to the high-pressure oxygen banks. 3 Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSA) worked on developing efficient manufacturing processes and a suitable burning apparatus and ignition method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSA) worked on developing efficient manufacturing processes and a suitable burning apparatus and ignition method. 5 The work by NRL and Oldbury Electro-Chemical identified barium peroxide as an effective chlorine scavenger. Approximately 4%wt barium peroxide was added to the candle mixture and greatly reduced the chlorine output.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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U.S. Navy Sodium Chlorate Oxygen Candle Safety

McCarrick

Haas

Johnson

2011

41st International Conference on Environmental Systems

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U.S. NAVY submarines burn sodium chlorate "candles" in an enclosed furnace for emergency and supplementary oxygen generation. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Ship Systems Engineers Station reviewed the safety of the U.S. Navy's use of sodium chlorate oxygen generating candles in response to the chemical oxygen generator accident aboard the HMS TIRELESS. As part of this safety review, deliberately contaminated oxygen candles were burned in a standard Navy candle furnace to observe the impact of such contamination. Additionally, oxygen candles were burned at elevated pressures to investigate their performance in a pressurized submarine. The results of these investigations showed that the U.S. NAVY candle furnace is well designed from an oxygen safety standpoint, and that significant accidental contamination of a candle with organic materials would not cause an explosion or release of burning material from the current furnace. NomenclatureACFM = actual cubic feet (gas) per minute ASTM = originally American Society for Testing and Materials CBD = Chesapeake Bay Division of Naval Research Laboratory Cl 2 = chlorine, diatomic molecule ClO 2 = chlorine dioxide ft = feet (0.305 meters) HOCl = hypochlorous acid ΔHf o = standard heat of formation of compound, kilojoules/gram-mole at 25 o C ΔHr o = standard heat of reaction, kilojoules/gram-mole at 25 o C ml = milliliters 2 MSA = Mine Safety Appliances company NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration NFPA = National Fire Protection Association NOx = various gaseous nitrogen oxides NRL = Naval Research Laboratory NSWCCD-SSES = Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Ship Systems Engineering Station psia = pounds per square inch absolute psid = pounds per square inch differential psig = pounds per square inch gage SCFM = standard cubic feet (gas) per minute SCOG = solid chemical oxygen generator or self-contained oxygen generator sec = second SFOG = solid fuel oxygen generator WSTF = White Sands Test Facility, a division of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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U.S. Navy Sodium Chlorate Oxygen Candle Safety

McCarrick

Haas

Johnson

2011

41st International Conference on Environmental Systems

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Oxygen‐Generation Systems

Mausteller

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Oxygen generation from oxygen‐containing compounds is used for systems for respiratory support wherever sufficient oxygen from air is unavailable. Use is made in submarines and spacecraft as well as in breathing apparatus. Additionally these systems provide emergency oxygen supplies for aircraft in the case of decompression and for bomb shelters. Materials composition and reactions, system design, and oxygen gas purity are presented. Discussed herein are systems based on chlorates, perchlorates, peroxides, and superoxides. Whereas alkali metal salts of these anions all produce oxygen, the peroxides and superoxides also provide a mechanism for carbon dioxide absorption. Most commercial production centers around large chlorate candles for use in submarines and use of potassium superoxide in portable breathing apparatus and emergency aircraft oxygen supply.

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Als Richard Buckleys Hose explodierte

Roth¹

2022

Chemie in nserer Zeit

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Die neuseeländische Lokalzeitung „Hawera Star“ schockierte am 12. August 1931 ihre Leser mit folgender Nachricht: „Als Mr. Richard Buckley seine Hose am Kamin trocknen wollte, explodierte sie plötzlich mit lautem Knall. Noch benommen konnte er geistesgegenwärtig das brennende Kleidungsstück ergreifen und aus dem Haus schleudern. Dort verbrannte die Hose, von einer Reihe kleinerer Explosionen begleitet, schließlich vollständig.“

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Chlorate Candles as a Source of Oxygen

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

U.S. Navy Sodium Chlorate Oxygen Candle Safety

U.S. Navy Sodium Chlorate Oxygen Candle Safety

Oxygen‐Generation Systems

Als Richard Buckleys Hose explodierte

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