Chlordiazepoxide-Induced Hostility in a Small Group Setting

Salzman, Carl; Kochansky, Gerald E.; Shader, Richard I.; Porrino, Linda J.; Harmatz, Jerold S.; Swett, Chester

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760150103015

Cited by 91 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Chlordiazepoxide but not oxazepam has been shown to increase hostility in a group setting after a frustrating stimulus is introduced (Gardos et al 1968;Salzman et al 1974;Kochansky et al 1975Kochansky et al , 1977. Diazepam has been shown to increase hostility in a group of females (McDonald 1967) and to increase behavioural aggression on the competitive reaction time task utilising shocks (Wilkinson 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the laboratory differential effects have been shown depending on the particular benzodiazepine used. Of the drugs tested, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam but not oxazepam increased hostility or aggressive responding (Gardos et al 1968 ;Salzman et al 1974;Salzman et al 1975 ;Wilkinson 1985). Therefore, certain benzodiazepines may be more likely than others to release such behaviour.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Differential effects of oxazepam and lorazepam on aggressive responding

Bond

Lader

1988

Psychopharmacology

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Two doses of two very similar benzodiazepines (oxazepam 15 and 30 mg: lorazepam 1 and 2 mg) and placebo were compared 4 h post-administration on a competitive reaction time task designed to measure behavioural aggression. Forty-five subjects were assigned randomly to five independent drug groups. Subjective ratings of mood, anxiety and aggression were completed pre- and post-drug and post-task. Oxazepam and lorazepam had very similar subjective effects, but the higher dose of lorazepam increased aggressive responding on the task more than any other treatment. This may be related to the different ceiling efficacies of the two benzodiazepines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of oxazepam and lorazepam on aggressive responding

Bond

Lader

1988

Psychopharmacology

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“…We have focused upon the benzodiazepine class of anti-anxiety agents, that is, Librium and Valium, and upon marijuana. In particular, we have been studying the expression of hostility within three-person groups (10,8,9,5). Our techniques have derived from standard, small-group research methodology, particularly the works of Bales (1) and Mishler and Waxler (6) and are not original or particularly sophisticated.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Massachusetts Mental Health Center: Going Forward After 100 Years

Salzman¹,

Seidman²,

Keshavan³

2012

AJP

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Salzman's commentary initially examines two theoretical considerations of the genesis of substance abuse. He elaborates on the hypothesis that changes in the family precede abuse and relates it to conceptual similarities with research on schizophrenic families. He points out that the proposed research that focuses on ongoing processes rather than causality also fails to identify factors leading to the selection of symptomatology. The author concludes with comments on his work in the area of psychoactive drugs and group functioning and suggests that the inclusion of the following methodologies in research design might be instructive: (a) the combining of self, group, and experimenter observations; (b) the comparison of family interactional patterns when the drug-abusing member is under chemical influence and when he is not; and (c) informal observations and discussions focused on the family's perception of the research as well as on task performance.Research that focuses on families with a substance abuser usually asks one of two questions. First, how does the presence of substance abuse in a family member generally affect the family functioningthat is, how does the family adapt to the substance abuse. The alternate question is, what is there about the family that has allowed substance abuse to get started and flourish. In either case, the general proposition is that the family process changed in relationship to the abuse, either as a partial cause of it or as a reaction to it. Let us examine each of these theoretical considerations.The first hypothesis is usually that drug abuse started in one member of the family and there was a change in the family process that is identifiable and researchable. It can be traced to the onset of the substance abuse in the member. The change in family process, which is the focus of the research, is the result of the drug abuse, the response of the family to the change of one member. Not infrequently, the change involves the extrusion of the abuser. Although this view of family response to substance abuse is not the favored family research focus, it may actually be one of the more frequent patterns of ghetto family involvement. According to several studies (2, 3, 4), inner city substance abuse follows the public health model of an epidemic and is due to a multiplicity of causes, mainly outside the family. In fact, since family membership may be more fluid in some ghetto-dwelling families, the family role may be rather small in the initiation and facilitation of ongoing abuse.By far the more common line of family research investigates the alternate hypothesis that drug abuse is in some way a necessary part of altered family process. Changes within the family to some extent precede the abuse, and even cause it. This is the general view of research that is summarized by the authors and represents their own view as well. They state, for example "We conceptualize the individual's substance abuse as intimately involved with the level of functioning of the family system." They also go on...

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“…We have focused upon the benzodiazepine class of anti‐anxiety agents, that is, Librium and Valium, and upon marijuana. In particular, we have been studying the expression of hostility within three‐person groups (10, 8, 9, 5). Our techniques have derived from standard, small‐group research methodology, particularly the works of Bales (1) and Mishler and Waxler (6) and are not original or particularly sophisticated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%