Chloride Salt‐activated Carbon for Supercapacitors

Gul, Eman; Shah, Syed Adil; Shah, Syed Niaz Ali

doi:10.1002/9781119866435.ch11

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…In the evolving landscape of supercapacitor technology, a diverse array of biomass-derived carbons and advanced carbon-based materials, including carbon nanofibers (CNFs), CNTs, and graphene, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional performance in energy storage applications [73,133,[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146]. Biomass-derived N-doped carbon and chloride salt-AC are recognized as efficient electrode materials for enhancing the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors [147,148]. Recent studies have explored various biomass sources, such as coconut shells [149], rice husks [150], and even agricultural waste [14,151],…”

Section: Pseudocapacitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes in Supercapacitor Technology

Shah,

Aziz

2024

JCE

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This thorough review article offers a cutting-edge analysis of the essential characteristics and developments in electrode materials and electrolytes for supercapacitor technology. We start by going over the basics of supercapacitors and how important characterization methods like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and cyclic voltammetry work. Specific capacitance, energy, and power densities, three essential characteristics that are crucial for assessing supercapacitor performance, are carefully covered in this work. We also analyze the many kinds of capacitors, including hybrid supercapacitors, electric double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and supercapacitors, and explain their working principles and material-specific characteristics. The study highlights the importance of metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon-based materials, conductive polymers, and novel and hybrid materials such as MXenes and metal-organic frameworks. The special qualities of each material class, such as large surface area, electrical conductivity, and particular redox properties, are highlighted in this section. These qualities are crucial for maximizing the performance of supercapacitors. The topic of electrode materials is discussed in detail, including their benefits and the difficulties and chances to improve energy storage, stability, and affordability. Parallel to this, the study thoroughly examines various electrolyte kinds, a sometimes overlooked yet essential part of supercapacitor technology. Discussed include ionic conductivity, operating voltage windows, safety profiles, and electrochemical stability of aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, gel, and solid-state electrolytes. This paper highlights the relationship between supercapacitor performance and electrolyte type, explaining how electrolyte selection affects total energy density, power density, and operational longevity. This review article covers supercapacitor technology in detail and with a wide scope and is an invaluable resource. It is a fundamental work for scholars and practitioners new to the area. It offers sophisticated insights that may encourage creativity and application-specific advancement in this quickly changing field. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of the present and future developments in supercapacitor materials and technology, establishing it as a vital resource in the continuous search for cutting-edge energy storage solutions.

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Section: Pseudocapacitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes in Supercapacitor Technology

Shah,

Aziz

2024

JCE

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“…Leveraging waste materials from oil refineries and coal processing as precursors for carbon-based electrodes embodies a strategic shift towards sustainable and efficient energy storage technologies. These waste-derived carbon materials, processed through carbonization and activation, exhibit tailored electrochemical properties crucial for high-performance energy storage applications [51]. The optimization of these processes, alongside the strategic incorporation of heteroatoms, can significantly enhance the electrochemical activity, conductivity, and structural stability of the resulting electrodes.…”

Section: Advancing Carbon Electrodes From Waste Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming Waste into Wealth: Advanced Carbon-Based Electrodes Derived from Refinery and Coal By-Products for Next-Generation Energy Storage

Ferdous,

Shah,

Shah

et al. 2024

Molecules

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This comprehensive review addresses the need for sustainable and efficient energy storage technologies against escalating global energy demand and environmental concerns. It explores the innovative utilization of waste materials from oil refineries and coal processing industries as precursors for carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage systems, including batteries and supercapacitors. These waste-derived carbon materials, such as semi-coke, coal gasification fine ash, coal tar pitch, petroleum coke, and petroleum vacuum residue, offer a promising alternative to conventional electrode materials. They present an optimal balance of high carbon content and enhanced electrochemical properties while promoting environmental sustainability through effectively repurposing waste materials from coal and hydrocarbon industries. This review systematically examines recent advancements in fabricating and applying waste-derived carbon-based electrodes. It delves into the methodologies for converting industrial by-products into high-quality carbon electrodes, with a particular emphasis on carbonization and activation processes tailored to enhance the electrochemical performance of the derived materials. Key findings indicate that while higher carbonization temperatures may impede the development of a porous structure, using KOH as an activating agent has proven effective in developing mesoporous structures conducive to ion transport and storage. Moreover, incorporating heteroatom doping (with elements such as sulfur, potassium, and nitrogen) has shown promise in enhancing surface interactions and facilitating the diffusion process through increased availability of active sites, thereby demonstrating the potential for improved storage capabilities. The electrochemical performance of these waste-derived carbon materials is evaluated across various configurations and electrolytes. Challenges and future directions are identified, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the microstructural characteristics that influence electrochemical performance and advocating for interdisciplinary research to achieve precise control over material properties. This review contributes to advancing electrode material technology and promotes environmental sustainability by repurposing industrial waste into valuable resources for energy storage. It underscores the potential of waste-derived carbon materials in sustainably meeting global energy storage demands.

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