Chlorin-based photodynamic therapy enhances the effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in bladder cancer cells

Abstract

SummaryBackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive, emerging therapeutic procedure suitable for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a death ligand that belongs to the TNF superfamily of cytokines. The ability of TRAIL to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells promotes the development of TRAIL-based cancer therapy. However, many tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The purpose of the study was to overcome TRAIL-resistance in bladder cancer cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT).Material/MethodsThree human bladder transitional cancer cell lines – T24, 647V and SW780 – were treated with TRAIL and/or chlorin-based PDT. The cytotoxicity was measured by MTT and LDH assays and apoptosis was detected using annexin V by flow cytometry.ResultsOur test confirmed that T24 and 647V bladder cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL, whereas SW780 cells are sensitive to TRAIL. Then we examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TRAIL in combination with chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ce6-PVP)-mediated PDT on bladder cancer cells. We showed for the first time that pretreatment with a low dose of PDT significantly sensitizes bladder cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Chlorin-based PDT augments the effect of TRAIL on bladder cancer cells.ConclusionsPDT with Ce6-PVP photosensitizer enhances the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TRAIL on bladder cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that combined treatment by TRAIL and PDT may provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach to induce cell death in bladder cancer.

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“…The cell suspension (290 μ L) was incubated with 5 μ L of annexin V-FITC and 5 μ L of propidium iodide for 10 min at room temperature in the dark. The population of annexin V-positive cells was evaluated by flow cytometry (LSR II, Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) [ 38 ].…”

Inhibition of Inflammatory Response by Artepillin C in Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages

“…The cytotoxicity of artepillin C was determined by using LDH activity assay kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) [29, 30]. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a stable cytosolic enzyme released upon membrane damage in necrotic cells.…”

ALA-mediated photodynamic effect on apoptosis induction and secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) by colon cancer cells in normoxia and in hypoxia-like conditions in vitro

“…The anticancer effect of PDT is based on the interaction of three various mechanisms: cytotoxic, angiogenic and immunological [27,28]. Most of original reports pass over the immunomodulatory effect of PDT, while PDT induced immune response is important for the treatment outcome since damaged, but still surviving tumor cells can be recognized and destroyed by the immune system [13,29].…”