Chlorinated paraffins leaking from hand blenders can lead to significant human exposures

Yuan, Bo; Strid, Anna; Darnerud, Per Ola; Wit, Cynthia A. de; Nyström, Jessica; Bergman, Åke

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.014

Cited by 81 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In a previous study, mean daily dietary intakes of CPs were estimated for adults in Sweden and were 18, 39, and 2.0 ng (kg of bw) −1 day –1 for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. 46 On the basis of the Swedish data, on average, dietary exposures to SCCPs and MCCPs were approximately 15 and 9 times higher than dermal exposure via hands, but for LCCPs, dermal exposure was up to half of dietary exposure (diet:dermal ratio of 1.9). Lower ratios between the two exposure pathways can be expected if bioaccessibility of CPs is considered in dietary intake estimation.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Yuan

Tay

Papadopoulou

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Up to 18000 ng of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was found in hand wipes of individual adult participants in a Norwegian cohort study ( n = 60), with a geometric mean (SD) value of 870 (2700) ng. The CPs covered a wide range of alkane chain lengths from C 7 to C 48 with variable chlorine substitution. Complex mixtures of very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C <10 ), short-chain (SCCPs, C 10–13 ), medium-chain (MCCPs, C 14–17 ), and long-chain (LCCPs, C >17 ) CPs were found, contributing on average 0.3%, 20%, 58%, and 22%, respectively, of the total CPs. Significant positive correlations were found between CP levels and factors related to the indoor environment and product use, including living in a house/apartment built before the ban of SCCPs, having a sofa, the number of TVs in the home, and owning a car, which mirrors CP usage as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in consumer products. Compared to previous studies of other organic contaminants in hand wipe samples from the same cohort, CPs were the most abundant flame retardants. This is the first report of CPs in hand wipes, and dermal exposure based on these data suggested that hand contact could be an important human exposure pathway for LCCPs.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Yuan

Tay

Papadopoulou

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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“…Yuan et al. (), in a Swedish food market basket study, found the highest MCCP levels in the category ‘fat/oil’ (14.5 μg/kg ww), followed by ‘sugar/sweets’ (6.3 μg/kg ww), ‘fish’ (5.1 μg/kg ww) and ‘pastries’ (4.3 μg/kg). ‘The categories ‘fruit’ and ‘potatoes’ showed values of 0.90 and 0.98 μg/kg ww, respectively, and the remaining food categories contained levels below the method LOD for each matrix.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yuan et al. (), besides SCCPs and MCCPs also measured the levels of LCCPs in their Swedish food market basket study. The highest LCCP levels were found in the category ‘sugar/sweets’ (0.54 μg/kg ww), followed by ‘fruit’ (0.14 μg/kg ww) and ‘potatoes’ (0.12 μg/kg ww).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. The data for experimental animals were reviewed and the CONTAM Panel identified the liver, kidney and thyroid as the target organs for the SCCP and MCCP mixtures tested in repeated dose toxicity studies. Decreased pup survival and subcutaneous haematoma/haemorrhage were also identified as critical effects for an MCCP mixture. For the LCCP mixtures tested, the liver was identified as the target organ. The Panel selected as reference points a BMDL10 of 2.3 mg/kg bw per day for increased incidence of nephritis in male rats, and of 36 mg/kg bw per day for increased relative kidney weights in male and female rats for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. For LCCPs, a reference point relevant for humans could not be identified. Due to the limitations in the toxicokinetic and toxicological database, the Panel concluded that derivation of a health‐based guidance value was not appropriate. Only limited data on the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in some fish species were submitted to EFSA. No data were submitted for LCCPs. Thus, a robust exposure assessment and consequently a complete risk characterisation could not be performed. A preliminary risk characterisation based only on the consumption of fish was performed, and the calculated margins of exposure suggested no health concern for this limited scenario. The Panel noted that dietary exposure will be higher due to the contribution of CPs from other foods. The Panel was not able to identify reference points for farm animals, horses and companion animals. No occurrence data for feed were submitted to EFSA. Therefore, no risk characterisation could be performed for any of these animal species.

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“…CPs in sewage sludge are in the mg/kg range [ 320 , 321 ], and are currently transferred to agricultural soils via this pathway, accumulating and eventually contaminating food-producing animals and wildlife. SCCPs and MCCPs are also transferred from food contact materials such as baking ovens [ 322 ] or food blenders [ 323 ] to food and human intake.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn the past, cases of PCDD/F and PCB contamination exceeding limits in food from animal origin (eggs, meat or milk) were mainly caused by industrially produced feed. But in the last decade, exceedances of EU limit values were discovered more frequently for PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like(dl)-PCBs from free range chicken, sheep, and beef, often in the absence of any known contamination source.ResultsThe German Environment Agency initiated a project to elucidate the entry of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in food related to environmental contamination. This paper summarizes the most important findings. Food products from farm animals sensitive to dioxin/PCB exposure—suckling calves and laying hens housed outdoor—can exceed EU maximum levels at soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. Maximum permitted levels can already be exceeded in beef/veal when soil is contaminated around 5 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dry matter (dm). For eggs/broiler, this can occur at a concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil below 5 ng PCDD/F–PCB-TEQ/kg dm. Egg consumers—especially young children—can easily exceed health-based guidance values (TDI). The soil–chicken egg exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for human exposure to both dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil and needs to be considered for soil guidelines. The study also found that calves from suckler cow herds are most prone to the impacts of dl-PCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via milk. PCB (and PCDD/F) intake for free-range cattle stems from feed and soil. Daily dl-PCB intake for suckler cow herds must in average be less than 2 ng PCB-TEQ/day. This translates to a maximum concentration in grass of 0.2 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dm which is less than 1/6 of the current EU maximum permitted level. This review compiles sources for PCDD/Fs and PCBs relevant to environmental contamination in respect to food safety. It also includes considerations on assessment of emerging POPs.ConclusionsThe major sources of PCDD/F and dl-PCB contamination of food of animal origin in Germany are (1) soils contaminated from past PCB and PCDD/F releases; (2) PCBs emitted from buildings and constructions; (3) PCBs present at farms. Impacted areas need to be assessed with respect to potential contamination of food-producing animals. Livestock management techniques can reduce exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Further research and regulatory action are needed to overcome gaps. Control and reduction measures are recommended for emission sources and new listed and emerging POPs to ensure food safety.

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Chlorinated paraffins leaking from hand blenders can lead to significant human exposures

Cited by 81 publications

References 24 publications

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

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