+Chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools: Development of a pilot pool unit and impact of operating parameters

Tsamba, Lucie; Correc, Olivier; Couzinet, Anthony

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105566

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Previous research has demonstrated that the transfer of NCl 3 from the liquid phase to the gas phase is promoted by the mixing energy imparted to water by swimmers. , This observation is consistent with two-film theory of interphase transport, and suggests that the processes that promote the net transfer of NCl 3 from the liquid phase to the gas phase are also likely to promote the net transfer of other volatile compounds that are commonly observed in swimming pool water and that have Henry’s law constants that are similar to that of NCl 3 . As such, NCl 3 serves as a sentinel compound for IAQ in indoor swimming pool facilities.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…However, the reactivity of +1-valent chlorine results in the formation of a wide range of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), some of which are known to be associated with adverse human health effects . Among the DBPs formed in pools are roughly 10 volatile compounds − By definition, these compounds have the ability to partition between the liquid and gas phases. As such, volatile DBPs in swimming pools are known to contribute to the degradation of indoor air quality (IAQ) in indoor swimming pool facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl₃) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Földes

Lee

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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NCl3 is formed as a disinfection byproduct in chlorinated swimming pools and can partition between the liquid and gas phases. Exposure to gas-phase NCl3 has been linked to asthma and can irritate the eyes and respiratory airways, thereby affecting the health and athletic performance of swimmers. This study involved an investigation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gas-phase NCl3 in an aquatic center during a collegiate swim meet. Real-time (up to 1 Hz) measurements of gas-phase NCl3 were made via a novel on-line derivatization cavity ring-down spectrometer and a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Significant temporal variations in gas-phase NCl3 and CO2 concentrations were observed across varying time scales, from seconds to hours. Gas-phase NCl3 concentrations increased with the number of active swimmers due to swimming-enhanced liquid-to-gas transfer of NCl3, with peak concentrations between 116 and 226 ppb. Strong correlations between concentrations of gas-phase NCl3 with concentrations of CO2 and water (relative humidity) were found and attributed to similar features in their physical transport processes in pool air. A vertical gradient in gas-phase NCl3 concentrations was periodically observed above the water surface, demonstrating that swimmers can be exposed to elevated levels of NCl3 beyond those measured in the bulk air.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl₃) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Földes

Lee

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Several studies report respiratory problems in recreational and professional swimmers [ 95 ], [ 97 ], [ 98 ], [ 99 ], [ 100 ], [ 101 ]. The actual substances which appear to cause the damaging tissue effects are the DBPs, namely trihalomethanes (THM), nitrogen-containing products, like haloacetonitriles, nitrosamines, and (mono, di, tri)-chloramines, which have been identified among another 100 different DBPs [ 96 ], [ 102 ], [ 103 ], [ 104 ], [ 105 ], [ 106 ], [ 107 ].…”

Section: Safety – Hocl Tissue Compatibility and Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial efficacy, mode of action and in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for prevention or therapeutic support of infections

Boecker¹,

Zhang

Breves

et al. 2023

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The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the rapidly developing field of the current state of research on in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to aid infection prevention and control, including naso-pharyngeal, alveolar, topical, and systemic HOCl applications. Also, examples are provided of dedicated applications in COVID-19. A brief background of HOCl’s biological and chemical specifics and its physiological role in the innate immune system is provided to understand the effect of in vivo applications in the context of the body’s own physiological defense mechanisms.

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“…Swimming pools are environments with high levels of DBPs due to continuous disinfection and constant organic load from bathers (Carter et al 2019;Saleem et al 2019;Tsamba et al 2020). The presence and number of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors, including the method of water treatment, the type and concentration of used disinfectant, the content of natural organic matter, the physicochemical characteristics of treated waters, the contact time with bathers, attendance, and flow rates (Bradford 2014;Teo et al 2015;Cheema et al 2017;Tardif et al 2017;Ilyas et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

Wyczarska-Kokot

Lempart

Dudziak

et al. 2020

Environ Monit Assess

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Recommendations regarding disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool waters consider the content of trihalomethanes (THMs) and combined chlorine (CC) as indicators of DBPs based on which the health risk for swimmers and staff of pool facility can be determined. However, the content of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors. In this paper, the influence of selected factors (physicochemical parameters of water and technological parameters) on the content of THMs and CC in pool water was determined. During the 6-month period, 9 pools of various functions were analyzed. The water in pools was subjected to the same method of treatment. The content of THMs and CC was compared against the content of organic matter, free chlorine and nitrates, pH, temperature, redox potential and turbidity, technological, and operational parameters. The THM content did not exceed the limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The content of CC varied significantly, from 0.05 to 1.13 mg Cl2/L. It was found that a very large water volume per person, in comparison to a very small one, contributed to the low content of CC and THMs. The high load expressed as m3 of water per person or m2 of water per person and the specific function of hot tubs (HT1 and HT2) led to the average concentration of CC in these pools exceeding 0.3 mg Cl2/L. The THM concentrations in hot tubs (especially in HT1) were also among the largest (0.038–0.058 mg/L). In terms of the analyzed microbiological indicators, the quality of the tested pool water samples was not in doubt. It was found that the purpose of the pool, its volume, and number of swimmers should be the key parameters that determine the choice of methods of water treatment. The research on the pool water quality in the actual working conditions of swimming pool facilities is necessary due to the need to preserve the health safety of swimmers and staff.

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+Chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools: Development of a pilot pool unit and impact of operating parameters

Cited by 15 publications

References 69 publications

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl₃) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl₃) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Antimicrobial efficacy, mode of action and in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for prevention or therapeutic support of infections

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

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+Chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools: Development of a pilot pool unit and impact of operating parameters

Cited by 15 publications

References 69 publications

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl3) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl3) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Antimicrobial efficacy, mode of action and in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for prevention or therapeutic support of infections

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl₃) in an Indoor Aquatic Center

Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl₃) in an Indoor Aquatic Center