Chlorine chemistry in urban atmospheres: Aerosol formation associated with anthropogenic chlorine emissions in southeast Texas

Chang, Sunghye; Allen, David T.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.070

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The ion balance on days with high chlorine mass indicated that the overwhelming majority of chlorine was associated with ammonium due to very low concentrations of both Na þ and K þ (see Figure 6 for the Salt Lake City results and Figures S-3 and S-4 in supplementary materials for the Bountiful and Lindon results, respectively). Chang and Allen (2006) describe the equilibrium partitioning between the gas and particle phases when ammonia, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and chloride are all present in an airshed. Ammonia-poor conditions occur when there is insufficient ammonia to neutralize all acid components, and under these conditions equilibrium partitioning will favor the formation of ammonium sulfate over other ammonium salts.…”

Section: Ammonium Chloride Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hourly ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride observations were well correlated, with ammonium chloride being approximately one-tenth the concentration of ammonium nitrate. Chang and Allen (2006) compared measured ammonium chloride aerosol with photochemical model predictions during a photochemical episode in southeast Texas from August to September 2000. Both model and measurements indicated that significant ammonium chloride aerosol formation only occurred at times and in areas that were both ammonia rich and had sufficient atmospheric chlorine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Receptor model source attributions for Utah's Salt Lake City airshed and the impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol

Kelly

Kotchenruther

Kuprov

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Section: Ammonium Chloride Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor model source attributions for Utah's Salt Lake City airshed and the impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol

Kelly

Kotchenruther

Kuprov

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…High concentrations of Cl • can lead to increased rates of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) oxidation [8][9][10][11][12][13] and enhanced rates of O3 production in the troposphere [1,3,7,[14][15][16]. Photochemical sources of Cl • include Cl2 and HOCl [17], which are the primary forms of anthropogenic chlorine emissions [7,18,19]. Chlorine radicals, once produced, can participate in reactions with VOCs to produce alkyl radicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inland Concentrations of Cl2 and ClNO2 in Southeast Texas Suggest Chlorine Chemistry Significantly Contributes to Atmospheric Reactivity

2015

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Measurements of molecular chlorine (Cl2), nitryl chloride (ClNO2), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) were taken as part of the DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013 campaign with a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) using iodide (I-) as a reagent ion. ClNO2 concentrations exceeding 50 ppt were regularly detected with peak concentrations typically occurring between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 am. Hourly averaged Cl2 concentrations peaked daily between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., with a 29-day average of 0.9 ± 0.3 (1σ) ppt. A day-time Cl2 source of up to 35 ppt·h −1 is required to explain these observations, corresponding to a maximum chlorine radical (Cl . Modeling of the Cl2 source suggests that it can enhance daily maximum O3 and RO2• concentrations by 8%-10% and 28%-50%, respectively. Modeling of observed ClNO2 assuming a well-mixed nocturnal boundary layer indicates O3 and RO2• enhancements of up to 2.1% and 38%, respectively, with a maximum impact in the early morning. These enhancements affect the formation of secondary organic aerosol and compliance with air quality standards for ozone and particulate matter.

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“…Recent experimental evidence and model results have demonstrated the importance of chlorine emissions on local photochemistry in polluted coastal environments (Knipping and Dabdub, 2003;Tanaka et al, 2003b;Chang and Allen, 2006). The addition of natural HCl and ClNO 2 emissions to an existing inventory increase total natural chlorine emissions by only a tiny amount (∼1%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling natural emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model–I: building an emissions data base

Smith

Mueller

2010

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.A natural emissions inventory for the continental United States and surrounding territories is needed in order to use the US Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model for simulating natural air quality. The CMAQ air modeling system (including the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) emissions processing system) currently estimates non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions from biogenic sources, nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions from soils, ammonia from animals, several types of particulate and reactive gas emissions from fires, as well as sea salt emissions. However, there are several emission categories that are not commonly treated by the standard CMAQ Model system. Most notable among these are nitrogen oxide emissions from lightning, reduced sulfur emissions from oceans, geothermal features and other continental sources, windblown dust particulate, and reactive chlorine gas emissions linked with sea salt chloride. A review of past emissions modeling work and existing global emissions data bases provides information and data necessary for preparing a more complete natural emissions data base for CMAQ applications. A model-ready natural emissions data base is developed to complement the anthropogenic emissions inventory used by the VISTAS Regional Planning Organization in its work analyzing regional haze based on the year 2002. This new data base covers a modeling domain that includes the continental United States plus large portions of Canada, Mexico and surrounding oceans. Comparing July 2002 source data reveals that natural emissions account for 16% of total gaseous sulfur (sulfur dioxide, dimethylsulfide and hydrogen sulfide), 44% of total NO x , 80% of reactive carbonaceous gases (NMVOCs and carbon monoxide), 28%Correspondence to: S. N. Smith (snsmith@tva.gov) of ammonia, 96% of total chlorine (hydrochloric acid, nitryl chloride and sea salt chloride), and 84% of fine particles (i.e., those smaller than 2.5 µm in size) released into the atmosphere. The seasonality and relative importance of the various natural emissions categories are described.

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Chlorine chemistry in urban atmospheres: Aerosol formation associated with anthropogenic chlorine emissions in southeast Texas

Cited by 23 publications

References 8 publications

Receptor model source attributions for Utah's Salt Lake City airshed and the impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol

Receptor model source attributions for Utah's Salt Lake City airshed and the impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol

Inland Concentrations of Cl2 and ClNO2 in Southeast Texas Suggest Chlorine Chemistry Significantly Contributes to Atmospheric Reactivity

Modeling natural emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model–I: building an emissions data base

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