Chlorine-conducted defect repairment and seed crystal-mediated vapor growth process for controllable preparation of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Luo, Peng; Liu, Zhaofan; Xia, Wei; Chen, Yuan; Cheng, Jigui; Xu, Chenxi; Lu, Ying‐Wei

doi:10.1039/c5ta06813d

Cited by 56 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…A few works have proved that the poor quality of PbI 2 films with large amounts of colloid suspensions and needle‐shaped solvation intermediates leads to porous perovskite films with incomplete conversion during solution process . Lately, we found that the introduction of Cl element in CVD process might effectively repair the inherent defect on PbI 2 template . However, to date the fundamental question still remains regarding the exact roles of Cl additive in gas‐phase growth process of MAPbI 3 (Cl).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Luo

Zhou

Xia

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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just a couple of years, suggesting a bright future for PV application. [15][16][17] To date, a number of processing technologies have been developed to fabricate perovskites, such as solution process, [2,3,[18][19][20][21] thermal evaporation, [22,23] flash evaporation, [24] atomic layer deposition (ALD), [25] doctor-blade coating, [26] slot-die coating, [27] spray deposition, [28] and ink-jet printing, [29] etc. Among various approaches, the most studied solution method not only achieves highly efficient PSCs but also owns cost advantage. However, the uncontrolled over-rapid liquid reaction often generates rough and porous films with incomplete conversions, resulting in large variations on film morphology and PV response. [18][19][20][21] Inversely, thermal evaporation can generate high-quality films with smooth and pinhole-free morphologies, in which the moderate gas-phase reaction characteristic effectively relieves the reaction rate. Nevertheless, there are a few of disadvantages in vacuum process, for instance, low material utilization, high equipment investment and energy consumption, hampering its further application. [22][23][24][25] The rest technologies often produce poor film quality, and are also difficult to scale up. [26][27][28][29] Therefore, development of a new class of advanced fabrication technology shall be critical for the future commercialization of PSCs.In 2013, a radically different technology, that is, vapor-assisted solution process (VASP), is invented by Yang and coworkers. [30] This method combines the advantages of gas-phase deposition and solution process. Concretely speaking, PbI 2 films are first spin-coated as the precursors, and then reacted with MAI vapor in a closed room. The attraction of this work is that film growth via in situ gas-solid (G-S) reaction, which is considered as a fruitful way for preparing perovskites. Subsequently, similar G-S crystallization and other modified VASP approaches are reported. [31][32][33] However, VASP methods require manipulations in glove box or protecting atmosphere, and show poor controllability and versatility, unsuitable for their mass production. Soon after, as an evolution of VASP, more convenient tubular CVD technology is successively developed by independent groups. [34][35][36] This simple and low-cost film growth method provides excellent controllability and repeatability for batch processing, which has been regarded as a cost-effective road for fabricating high-quality perovskites. Subsequently, an array of CVD techniques, such as in situ tubular CVD (ITCVD), [37] one-step tubular CVD, [38] aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD), [39][40][41][42] hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD), [43] modified chemical vapor transport (mCVT), [44] and so on, are consecutively invented, and remarkable achievements of PSCs by In recent years, high-efficient and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have triggered a strong interest in the photovoltaic (PV) field. However, it is still challenging to develop cost-effective perovskite fabricatio...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Luo

Zhou

Xia

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

Self Cite

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“…as a mixture with PbI 2 in DMF (and then MAI converted the film to MAPbI 3 perovskite). [50,51] To form this mixture, PbI 2 powder first reacted with HI, forming light yellow needle-like 1D HPbI 3 non-perovskite compound.…”

Section: Two-step Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Μethylammonium Chloride: A Key Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Kosmatos

Theofylaktos

Giannakaki

et al. 2019

Energy & Environ Materials

104

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Lead halide perovskites of the type APbX3 (where A = methylammonium MA, formamidinium FA, or cesium and X = iodide and bromide), in a single‐crystal form or more often as polycrystalline films, have already shown unique optoelectronic properties, comparable with those of the best single‐crystal semiconductors. To form a properly crystalline iodide or iodide/bromide, perovskite and achieve high performance in solar cells, sources containing only iodide and bromide salts (PbI2, PbBr2, MAI, FAI, CsI, MABr) are typically used as precursor materials. However, recently, most of the record perovskites contain MACl as additive to control their crystallization, revisiting the importance of methylammonium cation excess and chloride incorporation in perovskites, previously highlighted by Snaith's group back in 2012. Here, we review the background and recent progress in MACl‐mediated crystallization of perovskites, as well as the impact of the additive in solar cells. In particular, we describe the current understanding of the mechanism of perovskite crystallization process and defect passivation at grain boundaries in the presence of MACl. We then discuss the spectacular results (in terms of record efficiencies, stability, and up‐scaling) that have been delivered by solar cells employing MACl‐incorporated perovskites, and give an outlook of future research avenues that might bring perovskite solar cells closer to commercialization.

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“…A small-scale PCE of g = 11.1% has been achieved with this technique. [185] As larger grain sizes tend to lead better performance, PCE of g = 13.8% for a small device area could be reached with enhanced photocurrent and open-circuit voltage. [183] Experiments with different metal halide base layers of PbI 2 , PbBr 2 , and SnI 2 to then convert with MAI were reported by Wang et al [184] The best outcome of the study was a g = 12.3% PCE small-scale MAPI device which showed no decline of performance even after 100 days of storage in humid air and 40% relative humidity.…”

Section: Perovskite Deposition Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

Swartwout

Hoerantner

Bulović

2019

Energy & Environ Materials

196

179

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The recent steady improvements in the performance of the nascent hybrid perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices have led to power conversion efficiencies that rival the best-performing established PV technologies. However, to scale these laboratory demonstrations to PV module-scale production will require development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite thin films. Every record result for perovskite PVs so far was achieved via spin coating, a technique that is popular in research laboratories for thin-film coating over relatively small device areas, but not considered to be a method that could be used to scale up the manufacturing of perovskite PVs. Significantly larger thin-film areas are needed for future commercial PV products. Hence, some researchers have focused their efforts on perovskite deposition techniques that can be considered as scalable for mass production and have achieved notable results even on large areas. Here, we present an overview of the solution-based and vapor-based deposition processes; we explain their influence on the molecular crystal growth behavior of perovskite thin films and discuss the morphology as well as other material quality characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive comparison of the deposition techniques and the corresponding performance parameters for different device sizes, we intent to guide the growing research community through the methods that might enable mass production of perovskite solar products.

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Chlorine-conducted defect repairment and seed crystal-mediated vapor growth process for controllable preparation of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Abstract: A facile MaCl-assisted STCVD method is developed, and the novel defect repairment and seed crystal-mediated growth behavior is reported for the first time.

Cited by 56 publications

References 58 publications

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application

Μethylammonium Chloride: A Key Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

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