Chlorine dioxide inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in water: The kinetics and mechanism

Ofori, Isaac Kwesi; Maddila, Suresh; Lin, Johnson; Jonnalagadda, Sreekantha B.

doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.09.001

Cited by 63 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the increased intake of glucose and exclusion of PI suggest that the functions of the cell wall and membranes are maintained during ClO 2 exposure. Given that these results are different than what Ofori et al (2017Ofori et al ( , 2018 previously observed with E. coli and P. aeruginosa, it could be possible that ClO 2 -induced damage could be localized differently depending on the species of bacteria or even the strain.…”

Section: Presence Of Mda After Treatment and Tem Imagingcontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…If there was an increase in the permeability of both the outer and inner cell membranes, then an increase in PI binding would be expected. It is also important to note that in the present study the bacterial cells were in 0.1% peptone water during treatment while Ofori et al (2017Ofori et al ( , 2018 performed their treatments in oxidant demand free buffered water. The differences between these two mediums could have also influenced the effect that ClO 2 treatment has on membrane permeability.…”

Section: Changes In Membrane Permeability Measured By Live/dead Assaymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Additionally, the notable increase of SYTO 9 signal after the 2.5 mg/L treatment (Supplementary Figure 1) is indicative of an increase in RNA levels. Ofori et al (2017Ofori et al ( , 2018 demonstrated that E. coli and P. aeruginosa treated with 2.5 and 5 mg/L ClO 2 had significant increases of 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) uptake, a typically membrane impermeable probe, indicating that there was a clear change in cell membrane permeability. Furthermore, when viewed under a TEM, the cells were not lysed and did not have apparent morphological damage, implying that improved permeability of the bacterial membrane could be a significant cause of cell death.…”

Section: Changes In Membrane Permeability Measured By Live/dead Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data imply that any alternations in membrane permeability that occurred from ClO 2 treatment were not substantial enough to allow for PI to enter the cells. Because NPN binds to hydrophobic regions of cell membranes and PI binds to nucleic acids, the increased binding of NPN observed by Ofori et al (2017Ofori et al ( , 2018 could represent increased permeability limited to the gram-negative outer membrane. If there was an increase in the permeability of both the outer and inner cell membranes, then an increase in PI binding would be expected.…”

Section: Changes In Membrane Permeability Measured By Live/dead Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies that treated E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with ClO 2 (≤5 mg/L) achieved maximum log reductions of >5 log CFU/mL and found that after treatment there was an increase in bacterial membrane permeability. However, additional examination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs further showed that there was no noticeable morphological or cell wall damage (Ofori et al, 2018(Ofori et al, , 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrity of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cell Wall and Membranes After Chlorine Dioxide Treatment

Bridges

Lacombe

2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Treatments of wastewater and fresh produce commonly employ chlorine as an antimicrobial. However, there are increasing levels of concerns regarding the safety and antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine treatments. Numerous studies have reported the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) treatment in a variety of applications but information regarding how ClO 2 affects bacteria is limited. In the present study, a mixed-method approach utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used to observe Escherichia coli O157:H7 membrane damage after exposure to ClO 2 (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/L) for 5, 10, or 15 min. For comparison, controls of 0.1% peptone, 70% isopropanol, and 10 mg/L NaOCl were applied for 15 min. After treatment, cells were enumerated on selective media overlaid with non-selective media and simultaneously analyzed for damage using the following fluorescent probes (1) Bis-(1,3-Dibutylbarbituric Acid) trimethine oxonol (DiBAC4(3)) for membrane polarization, (2) SYTO 9/propidium iodide (LIVE/DEAD) for membrane permeability, (3) 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) for active glucose uptake, and (4) lipid peroxidation through accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Bacterial log reductions after ClO 2 treatment ranged from 0.2 to 5.5 and changes in relative fluorescence units after membrane permeability and glucose uptake assays were not consistent with viability, indicating membrane permeability and metabolism were not substantially altered. Depolarization was observed after NaOCl treatment, however, the polarity of cells treated with ClO 2 were like those treated with water (P < 0.05). Accumulation of MDA was detected only after 10 mg/L ClO 2 treatments, indicating that membrane peroxidation occurred at higher concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that separation of the cell wall from the cytosol occurred after the 10 mg/L ClO 2 treatment, but the cell wall itself appeared to be unbroken. These data suggest that ClO 2 damage to E. coli O157:H7 is not primarily located at the cell wall and harms cells significantly different than NaOCl at comparable concentrations.

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Section: Presence Of Mda After Treatment and Tem Imagingcontrasting

confidence: 88%

Section: Changes In Membrane Permeability Measured By Live/dead Assaymentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Changes In Membrane Permeability Measured By Live/dead Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Changes In Membrane Permeability Measured By Live/dead Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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