Chlorine species evolution during electrochlorination on boron-doped diamond anodes: In-situ electrogeneration of Cl2, Cl2O and ClO2

Mostafa, Ehab; Reinsberg, Philip Heinrich; Garcia‐Segura, Sergi; Baltruschat, Helmut

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.099

Cited by 163 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Figure shows that

{NO}_{3}^{-} - N

is mainly reduced into

{NH}_{4}^{+} - N

using Na 2 SO 4 as the electrolyte. When NaCl was used as the electrolyte, chlorine active species (HOCl) will be formed from the oxidation of chloride ions (Cl − ) at the anode surface following Reactions () (Mostafa, Reinsberg, Garcia‐Segura, & Baltruschat, ; Vos & Koper, ).

2 {Cl}^{-} \to {Cl}_{2} + 2 e^{-}

{Cl}_{2} + H_{2} O \to HOCl + {Cl}^{-} + H^{+}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behaviors and influence factors of copper and copper alloys cathode for electrocatalytic nitrate removal

Zhang

Yin

Zhai

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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The electrocatalytic activities of a series of copper alloys, Cu/Ni/Zn (Cu60Ni15Zn25) and Cu/Zn (Cu62Zn38), toward the reduction of nitrate were investigated, in comparison with that of pure copper. Electrochemical analysis showed that the copper alloy electrode exhibited higher electrochemical reduction rate of nitrate. The extreme difference (R) between the orthogonal experiments revealed that the NO3--N concentration was the main determinant of the removal percentage, followed by the current density and electrolyte concentration, while the impact of the initial pH was minimal. The conditions of the electrolysis experiments with Cu/Ni/Zn and Cu/Zn cathodes were optimized as follows: a current density of 8 mA/cm2, a NaCl concentration of 2.0 g/L, and an initial pH of 3.0. The nitrate reduction reaction process with copper alloy cathodes was confirmed by electrochemical analysis and electrolysis experiments. Therefore, copper alloyed with Zn and Ni is a feasible option for practical application to the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate. Practitioner points Alloy of Cu, Zn, and Ni improved electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate was confirmed in the presence of NaCl. The optimized current density with copper alloy cathodes was 6 mA/cm2. A feasible strategy was provided for the improving nitrate removal and minimizing by‐products.

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“…Figure shows that

{NO}_{3}^{-} - N

is mainly reduced into

{NH}_{4}^{+} - N

2 {Cl}^{-} \to {Cl}_{2} + 2 e^{-}

{Cl}_{2} + H_{2} O \to HOCl + {Cl}^{-} + H^{+}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behaviors and influence factors of copper and copper alloys cathode for electrocatalytic nitrate removal

Zhang

Yin

Zhai

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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“…On the other hand, in the same study it was found that the presence of chlorides at high current densities had negative effect on the mineralization of pharmaceuticals due to the increased production of halogenated organic compounds. Recently, Mostafa et al . studied the electro‐generation and release of chlorine volatile species using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Degradation of Piroxicam on a Boron‐Doped Diamond Anode: Investigation of Operating Parameters and Ultrasound Synergy

et al. 2018

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The electrochemical oxidation of piroxicam (PIR), a representative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was studied using boron-doped diamond (BDD) as anode. BDD exhibited superior efficiency in comparison with platinum electrodes in terms of PIR degradation. Removal of PIR follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the apparent kinetic constants decreased from 0.138 to 0.0369 min À 1 as the initial PIR concentration increased from 245 to 975 μg L À 1 . Altering of the pH had little effect on electrolysis of PIR with slightly better removal at pH 9. The presence of 10 g L À 1 of tert-butanol inhibited PIR removal, indicating that its oxidation is caused by electro-generated hydroxyl radicals. Addition of 200 mg L À 1 sodium chloride increased the apparent kinetic constant more than ten times from 0.139 to 1.44 min À 1 . Similar behavior was observed in the case of bicarbonates and nitrates, possibly due to the generation of selective carbonate radicals and active oxygen species like nitric or nitrous oxides. Experiments were also conducted in various aqueous matrices and it was observed that the presence of humic acid delayed the degradation of PIR, while process efficiency was enhanced in bottled and surface water as well as in wastewater, due to the presence of inorganic ions. Coupling BDD electrolysis with ultrasound (at 14 W L À 1 , 20 kHz) increased the reaction rate of PIR destruction and the observed synergy was calculated at S = 44.6 %. order to keep temperature of the water below 35°C after 15 min of sonoelectrocatalysis. Liquid ChromatographyPIR was detected by modifying an HPLC method, described in our previous work. [48] The chromatographic system was a Waters Alliance 2695 connected with a Waters 2996 PDA detector. The column was a Kinetex XB-C18 100A column (2.6 μm, 2.1 mm × 150 mm and was connected with a 0.5 μm inline filter (KrudKatcher Ultra) (Phenomenex). The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min and the mobile phase consisted of 75 : 25 acetonitrile water. The column was thermostated to 45°C. The injection volume was 100 μL. After the separation, the concentration of PIR was measured using Waters 2996 Photo Diode Array detector at 350 nm.

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“…It is well known that the existence of chloride induced the electro-production of active chlorine species according to the reactions [34]:…”

Section: Effect Of Chloride Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonoelectrochemical Degradation of Propyl Paraben: An Examination of the Synergy in Different Water Matrices

Frontistis

2020

IJERPH

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The synergistic action of anodic oxidation using boron-doped diamond and low-frequency ultrasound in different water matrices and operating conditions for the decomposition of the emerging contaminant propyl paraben was investigated. The degree of synergy was found to decrease with an increase in current in the range 1.25–6.25 mA/cm2 or the ultrasound power until 36 W/L, where a further decrease was observed. Despite the fact that the increased propyl paraben concentration decreased the observed kinetic constant for both the separated and the hybrid process, the degree of synergy was increased from 37.3 to 43.4% for 0.5 and 2 mg/L propyl paraben, respectively. Bicarbonates (100–250 mg/L) or humic acid (10–20 mg/L) enhanced the synergy significantly by up to 55.8%, due to the higher demand for reactive oxygen species. The presence of chloride ions decreased the observed synergistic action in comparison with ultrapure water, possibly due to the electro-generation of active chlorine that diffuses to the bulk solution. The same behavior was observed with the secondary effluent that contained almost 68 mg/L of chlorides. The efficiency was favored in a neutral medium, while the hybrid process was delayed in alkaline conditions.

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Chlorine species evolution during electrochlorination on boron-doped diamond anodes: In-situ electrogeneration of Cl2, Cl2O and ClO2

Cited by 163 publications

References 41 publications

Electrochemical behaviors and influence factors of copper and copper alloys cathode for electrocatalytic nitrate removal

Electrochemical behaviors and influence factors of copper and copper alloys cathode for electrocatalytic nitrate removal

Electrochemical Degradation of Piroxicam on a Boron‐Doped Diamond Anode: Investigation of Operating Parameters and Ultrasound Synergy

Sonoelectrochemical Degradation of Propyl Paraben: An Examination of the Synergy in Different Water Matrices

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