Chlorine-terminated MXene quantum dots for improving crystallinity and moisture stability in high-performance perovskite solar cells

Recent progress in use of MXene in perovskite solar cells: for interfacial modification, work-function tuning and additive engineering

“…Bykkam et al 120 Liu et al 122 reported a PSC with an efficiency of 21.31% by incorporating chlorine-terminated Ti 3 C 2 (Ti 3 C 2 Cl x ) QDs into the perovskite layer. The interaction between the Pb 2+ of the perovskite and the Cl − of the Ti 3 C 2 Cl x additives retarded the crystallization rate during the crystallization process, thus producing a high-quality film with fewer defects, improved crystallinity, and smaller remaining tensile strain.…”

MXene in core–shell structures: research progress and future prospects

“…Compared to typical MXenes with T x surface groups, –F, –O, –OH, and Cl-terminated MXenes have relatively weaker surface bonding energies, making them anchoring sites for further reactions with other active materials. 186 Additionally, Cl-terminated MXenes prepared by the molten inorganic salt method involve a low risk from the use of hydrofluoric acid. 187 For instance, Jiang et al 188 coupled CoS 2 with a Cl-terminated MXene as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction.…”

Selection, Preparation and Application of Quantum Dots in Perovskite Solar Cells

“…For this reason, it is necessary to introduce QDs into the perovskite absorber layer to increase the size of the perovskite grains, reduce surface defects and the non-radiative recombination of carriers, which seems to be a practical and efficient method at present. Table 2 lists the details of the devices [ 16 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

“…Ti 3 C 2 T x QDs are a novel material to be developed with many advantages. In 2021, Liu et al [ 70 ] fabricated Ti 3 C 2 Cl x MXenes through inorganic salt melting ( Figure 6 e). This method eliminated the OH end, which can react with CH 3 NH 3 + ions and degraded perovskite.…”

“…( e ) Nucleation and crystallization processes in Ti 3 C 2 Cl x QDs-treated and Ti 3 C 2 Cl x QDs-treated perovskite film. Reproduced from [ 70 ], with permission from Elsevier, 2021.…”