Chlorogenic acid: A comprehensive review of the dietary sources, processing effects, bioavailability, beneficial properties, mechanisms of action, and future directions

Abstract

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), a group of hydroxycinnamates, are generally abundant in everyday foods and beverages, most prominently in certain coffee drinks. Among them, the chlorogenic acid (CGA), also termed as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), is one of the most abundant, highly functional polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. The evidence of its health benefits obtained from clinical studies, as well as basic research, indicates an inverse correlation between 5-CQA consumption and a lower risk of metabolic syndromes and chronic diseases. This review focuses on the beneficial properties for health and mechanisms of action of 5-CQA, starting with its history, isomers, dietary sources, processing effects, preparation methods, pharmacological safety evaluation, and bioavailability. It also provides the possible molecular mechanistic bases to explain the health beneficial effects of 5-CQA including neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, gastrointestinal protective, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, glucose and lipid metabolism regulatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The information summarized here could aid in the basic and clinical research on 5-CQA as a natural dietary additive, potential drug candidate, as well as a natural health promoter.

Dietary Supplementation With Chlorogenic Acid Derived From Lonicera macranthoides Hand-Mazz Improves Meat Quality and Muscle Fiber Characteristics of Finishing Pigs via Enhancement of Antioxidant Capacity

“…Evidence is building up to address the broad application prospects of CGA in the fields of medicine, food, and husbandry (Chen et al, 2018;Naveed et al, 2018;Lu et al, 2020;Papuc et al, 2020). Our experiment found that dietary supplementation with CGA contributed to the growth and carcass performance of pigs (data not shown), fitting well with a previous report using a finishing-pig model (Xu et al, 2019).…”

Influences of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Parameters on Antioxidant Activity of the Extract from Akebia trifoliata Peels

“…Besides, clinical studies indicated that chlorogenic acid could decrease the risk of metabolic syndromes and chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases). Furthermore, chlorogenic acid also showed gastrointestinal protective and renoprotective effects [ 30 ]. Rutin might have potential for the treatment of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and exhibit a beneficial effect on regulating mitochondrial functions [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Antioxidants in Potatoes: A Functional View on One of the Major Food Crops Worldwide

“…Potatoes can contain high amounts of CGA, with purple baby potatoes shown to have over 7 mg CGA g −1 DW, and tubers from primitive germplasm over 12 mg/g DW [ 160 , 213 ]. A modest 6-ounce portion of such potatoes would provide over 250 mg of CGA, which can surpass the amounts found in a cup of coffee, which is a much better-known source of CGA [ 214 ]. Curiously, red and purple potatoes typically have much greater amounts of colorless CGA than white potatoes.…”

“…CGA is readily bioavailable in humans [ 216 , 217 ], and is thought to have a remarkable number of health-promoting properties, including reduced risk of cancer, heart disease, strokes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s [ 214 , 218 , 219 ]. CGA is also thought to be anti-hypertensive [ 220 ], and interestingly, a small human-feeding study with purple potatoes showed a hypotensive effect [ 221 ].…”