Chlorogenic Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Dietary Consumption, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics

Abstract

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) have gained considerable attention as pervasive human dietary constituents with potential cardiovascular-preserving effects. The main sources include coffee, yerba mate, Eucommia ulmodies leaves, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. CGA consumption can reduce the risks of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and other factors associated with cardiovascular risk, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review recapitulates recent advances of CGAs in the cardiovascular-preserving effects, pharmacokinetics, sources, and safety. Emerging evidence indicates that CGAs exhibit circulatory guarding properties through the suppression of oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, platelet aggregation, platelet–leukocyte interactions, vascular remodeling, and apoptosis as well as the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and vasodilatory action in the cardiovascular system. CGAs exert these effects by acting on complex signaling networks, but the global mechanisms are still not clear. The oral bioavailability of CGA is poor, and there is a potential sensitization concern about CGA. The bioactive metabolites, systematic toxicity, and optimized structure are needed for further identification.

Development of a High-Throughput Method to Study the Inhibitory Effect of Phytochemicals on Trimethylamine Formation

“…Thus, we selected two phenolic compounds highly consumed by humans: gallic acid and chlorogenic acid [ 30 ]. Moreover, gallic acid as well as chlorogenic acid and their derivatives have reported relevant cardioprotective functions [ 31 , 32 ]. We thus studied the potential use of these two phenolic compounds to inhibit TMA production in a range of concentration within 0.1–10 mM at relevant time points (8 and 12 h).…”

Development of a High Throughput Method to Study the Inhibitory Effect of Phytochemicals on Trimethylamine Formation

“…Thus, we selected two phenolic compounds highly consumed by humans: gallic acid and chlorogenic acid [30]. Moreover, gallic acid as well as chlorogenic acid and their derivatives have reported relevant cardioprotective functions [31,32]. We thus studied the potential use of these two phenolic compounds in to inhibit TMA production in a range of concentration within 0.1 -10 mM at relevant time points (8 and 12 h).…”

Dendropanax morbifera Leaf Extracts Improved Alcohol Liver Injury in Association with Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Rats

“…Rutin in particular has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity against various inflammatory diseases and to protect the liver from various liver damage models [ 44 ]. Intake of chlorogenic acid, a type of caffeic acid glycoside that is present in coffee beans, is known to prevent liver damage caused by ethanol consumption by increasing inflammation and antioxidant enzymatic activities in liver [ 45 ]. In this study, the rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid that are present in the extract are known to prevent liver damage.…”