Chlorophacinone Exposure Causing an Epizootic of Acute Fatal Hemorrhage in Lambs

Piero, Fábio Del; Poppenga, Robert H.

doi:10.1177/104063870601800512

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…21 One potential explanation may be that anticoagulants are more toxic after repeated exposure, which may occur in a farm-environment. 20 Another explanation is the higher susceptibility of young animals, 21 but the sample size was too small in this study to investigate the age distribution of cattle, sheep and horses. The proportion of ''deliberate'' (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Some species appear more at risk: dogs (among domestic species) and hares/rabbits, wild boars and foxes (all known to be highly susceptible 2,6 ). Some cases are described in cattle, sheep, and horses, all known to be poorly susceptible 19,20 and to have normally only access to limited amounts of rodenticides. 21 One potential explanation may be that anticoagulants are more toxic after repeated exposure, which may occur in a farm-environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved

Berny

Velardo

Pulce³

et al. 2010

Clinical Toxicology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved

Berny

Velardo

Pulce³

et al. 2010

Clinical Toxicology

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“…Secondary hemostatic disorders such as rodenticide intoxication are very rarely reported in ruminants. A case of rodenticide toxicity in lambs that accidentally gain access to baits for rodent control was reported as sudden death followed epistaxis, respiratory distress and edemas in different body parts (Del Piero and Poppenga, 2006). Experimentally dosing of carbon tetrachloride, in goats resulted in hepatic damage and decreased of blood clotting activity (Smith and Sherman, 2009).…”

Section: Hemorrhagic Anemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

Katsogiannou

Athanasiou

Christodoulopoulos

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Anemia in ruminants is an abnormal condition characterized by the decrease of the hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume, PCV), the mass of erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs) and/or hemoglobin. Anemia is classified as hemolytic, hemorrhagic or anemia caused by the decreased production of erythrocytes; the first two categories are characterized by a regenerative response. Hemorrhagic anemia can be caused by ectoparasites or parasites of the gastrointestinal system, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers, vena cava thrombosis as well as from the genitourinary tract. In addition, primary and secondary hemostatic disorders can be accompanied by hemorrhagic anemia. Hemoparasites, toxins produced from Clostridium perfringens type D and Clostridium hemolyticum and leptospirosis are some of the causes of hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, certain plants, drugs or heavy metals and lack of certain trace elements can cause hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has also been reported in ruminants. The reduced production of erythrocytes can be caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or iron, as well as by chronic diseases. Pathologic conditions of bone marrow like inflammatory or neoplastic cells filtration and hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow are related to reduced production of erythrocytes. After laboratory confirmation by complete blood count analysis, history taking, clinical examination of the animal and specific test depending on the case, are required for the diagnostic approach of anemia and especially for etiological diagnosis. Tachycardia, tachypnea, icterus, mucosal pallor as well as specific symptoms of the underlying disease are observed during the clinical examination of the animal. FAMACHA technique is widely used for the clinical diagnosis and the assessment of the severity of anemia. With respect to complete blood count, apart from the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytes indices as Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) are contributing to the classification of anemia. The size and the shape of the erythrocytes, the appearance of inclusions and reticulocytes, which are indicative of regenerative anemia, are evaluated in blood smear. Rarely, examination of bone marrow is carried out, for the differentiation of anemia as regenerative or non-regenerative. In particular, the confirmation of immune- mediate anemia is based on Coomb’s test for the detection of autoagglutination. Except from hemorrhage, blood loss is detected at urinalysis or feces microscopy for the presence of blood and/or parasites. Finally, serological and molecular techniques for the detection of infectious agents, as well as specific toxicological analysis are performed in various biological materials.

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“…The concentration of chlorophacinone in the liver in the cows was not reported. 4 The clinically affected lambs 7 and the calves in our case had extensive hemorrhage within the neck region, thymus, and the musculature leading to the thoracic cavity. The lack of hepatic lesions in our case differed from the report in lambs, which had centrilobular necrosis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure

Radke

Schrunk

Ruane³

et al. 2022

J VET Diagn Invest

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Three calves were submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnostic evaluation following an abrupt increase in morbidity and mortality in a calf herd associated with epistaxis and widespread hemorrhage. Each of the submitted calves had moderate-to-severe hemorrhage within various tissues and body cavities, including the thymus, subcutaneous region of the neck, mediastinum, lungs, pericardial sac, heart, spleen, perirenal fat, urinary bladder, and skeletal muscle, including the diaphragm. An anticoagulant rodenticide screen was performed on the livers of each calf. Significant concentrations of chlorophacinone were detected at 4.2, 3.6, and 2.9 ppm in liver. Multiple piles and an open pail of white powdery material were present within the facility in which the calves were housed and were identified as the sources of chlorophacinone. Acute hemorrhage and death occurred in fourteen 1.5-mo-old, crossbred calves following ingestion of the vitamin K antagonist chlorophacinone.

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Chlorophacinone Exposure Causing an Epizootic of Acute Fatal Hemorrhage in Lambs

Cited by 17 publications

References 6 publications

Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved

Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure

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