Chlorophyll and its degradation products in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae: observations using epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy

Occhipinti, Andrea; Maffei, Massimo E.

doi:10.1007/s10493-013-9686-6

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Guanine, the end product of nitrogen metabolism (McEnroe, 1961a ; Wiesmann, 1968 ) is easily detected due to its refractive (Figure 4K ) and fluorescent properties (Figure 7 ). Guanine accumulates in digestive cells and large guanine conglomerates form in the posterior midgut (Figures 5 , 7 , and Occhipinti and Maffei, 2013 ). Guanine crystals are the most frequent excretory particles, yet the location of their synthesis is still not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these cells do not show guanine fluorescence under fluorescence or confocal microscopy (Figure 7E ). Alternatively, it was proposed that guanine forms in the caecal lumen and accumulates in the ventriculus from which it is passed to the posterior midgut (Occhipinti and Maffei, 2013 ). However, we observed no guanine conglomerates in the midgut lumen outside of DCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Digestive System of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the Context of the Mite-Plant Interaction

et al. 2018

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The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most polyphagous herbivores, feeding on more than 1,100 plant species. Its wide host range suggests that TSSM has an extraordinary ability to modulate its digestive and xenobiotic physiology. The analysis of the TSSM genome revealed the expansion of gene families that encode proteins involved in digestion and detoxification, many of which were associated with mite responses to host shifts. The majority of plant defense compounds that directly impact mite fitness are ingested. They interface mite compounds aimed at counteracting their effect in the gut. Despite several detailed ultrastructural studies, our knowledge of the TSSM digestive tract that is needed to support the functional analysis of digestive and detoxification physiology is lacking. Here, using a variety of histological and microscopy techniques, and a diversity of tracer dyes, we describe the organization and properties of the TSSM alimentary system. We define the cellular nature of floating vesicles in the midgut lumen that are proposed to be the site of intracellular digestion of plant macromolecules. In addition, by following the TSSM's ability to intake compounds of defined sizes, we determine a cut off size for the ingestible particles. Moreover, we demonstrate the existence of a distinct filtering function between midgut compartments which enables separation of molecules by size. Furthermore, we broadly define the spatial distribution of the expression domains of genes involved in digestion and detoxification. Finally, we discuss the relative simplicity of the spider mite digestive system in the context of mite's digestive and xenobiotic physiology, and consequences it has on the effectiveness of plant defenses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Digestive System of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the Context of the Mite-Plant Interaction

et al. 2018

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“…Despite widespread use in other cellular fields, technologies relying upon fluorescence have only been rarely used in mite studies- Occhipinti and Maffei (2013). Although the cuticle of P. longicornis is more sclerotised than tetranychid mites-given that soil predatory mites must be consuming plant material from the guts of their herbivorous preytracking the fate of chlorophyll degradation products could be useful in understanding the kinetics of gut processes in free-living mesostigmatids (that had been fed tetranychids experimentally for instance).…”

Section: Looking To the Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles

Bowman

2019

Exp Appl Acarol

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A review of acarine gut physiology based on published narratives dispersed over the historical international literature is given. Then, in an experimental study of the free-living predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese), quantitative micro-anatomical changes in the gut epithelium are critically assessed from a temporal series of histological sections during and after feeding on larval dipteran prey. An argued functional synthesis based upon comparative kinetics is offered for verification in other mesostigmatids. Midand hind-gut epithelia cell types interconvert in a rational way dependent upon the physical consequences of ingestion, absorption and egestion. The fasted transitional pseudostratified epithelium rapidly becomes first squamous on prey ingestion (by stretching), then columnar during digestion before confirmed partial disintegration (gut 'lumenation') during egestion back to a pseudo-stratified state. Exponential processes within the mid-and endodermic hind-gut exhibit 'stiff' dynamics. Cells expand rapidly (t 1∕2 = 22.9-49.5 min) and vacuolate quickly (t 1∕2 = 1.1 h). Cells shrink very slowly (t 1∕2 = 4.9 days) and devacuolate gently (t 1∕2 = 1.0-1.7 days). Egestive cellular degeneration has an initial t 1∕2 = 7.7 h. Digestion appears to be triggered by maximum gut expansion-estimated at 10 min post start of feeding. Synchrony with changes in gut lumen contents suggests common changes in physiological function over time for the cells as a whole tightly-coupled epithelium. Distinct in architecture as a tissue over time the various constituent cell types appear functionally the same. Functional phases are: early fluid transportation (0-1 h) and extracellular activity (10-90 min); through rising food absorption (10 min to > 1 day); to slow intracellular meal processing and degenerative egestive waste material production (1 to > 12 days) much as in ticks. The same epithelium is both absorptive and degenerative in role. The switch in predominant physiology begins 4 h after the start of feeding. Two separate pulses of clavate cells appear to be a mechanism to facilitate transport by increasing epithelial surface area in contact with the lumen. Free-floating cells may augment early extracellular lumenal digestion. Possible evidence for salivary enzyme alkaline-related extra-corporeal digestion was found. Giant mycetome-like cells were found embedded in the mid-gut wall. Anteriorly, the mid-gut behaves like a temporally expendable food processing tissue and minor long-term resistive store. Posteriorly the mid-gut behaves like a major assimilative/ catabolic tissue and 'last-out' food depot (i.e., a 'hepatopancreas' function) allowing the mite to resist starvation for up to 3.5 weeks after a single meal. A 'conveyor-belt' wave Extended author information available on the last page of the article Research Council grant B/77307818 at Liverpool John Moores University. Thanks go to Susan Bjornson (then at University of Alberta, Canada) for advice on invertebrate sporozoans and Don E Johnston (Ohio Sta...

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“…The digestive system of spider mites consists of the foregut (mouth, pharynx, esophagus), midgut (ventriculus and coeca), and hindgut (excretory organ, rectum, and anus) [ 2 , 4 ]. Processed food is eventually compacted in the excretory organ and excreted as fecal pellets of frass [ 5 ]. In addition to excreting chlorophyll-degradation by-products, the excretory organ is known to function in the excretion and removal of nitrogenous metabolic wastes by producing guanine [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to excreting chlorophyll-degradation by-products, the excretory organ is known to function in the excretion and removal of nitrogenous metabolic wastes by producing guanine [ 6 ]. Chlorophyll and chlorophyll degradation products have been observed in the two-spotted spider mite revealing distinct patterns of chlorophyll degradation and guanine formation [ 5 , 7 ]. The process of guanine metabolism still remains enigmatic in many respects because there are direct evidence of its formation, transport, and secretion by the epithelial cells of the excretory organ [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae): Ultrastructure, Photosynthesis, Guanine Transcriptomics, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls Metabolism, and Decoyinine as a Potential Acaricide

Parmagnani

Mannino

Brillada

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Two-Spotted Spider Mites (TSSMs, Tetranychus urticae Koch 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae)) is one of the most important pests in many crop plants, and their feeding activity is based on sucking leaf cell contents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction between TSSMs and their host Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) by analyzing the metabolomics of leaf pigments and the transcriptomics of TSSM guanine production. We also used epifluorescence, confocal laser scanning, and transmission electron microscopies to study the morphology and structure of TSSMs and their excreta. Finally, we evaluated the potential photosynthetic ability of TSSMs and the activity and content of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxigenase (RubisCO). We found that TSSMs express several genes involved in guanine production, including Guanosine Monophosphate Synthetase (GMPS) and decoyinine (DCY), a potential inhibitor of GMPS, was found to reduce TSSMs proliferation in infested Lima bean leaves. Despite the presence of intact chloroplasts and chlorophyll in TSSMs, we demonstrate that TSSMs do not retain any photosynthetic activity. Our results show for the first time the transcriptomics of guanine production in TSSMs and provide new insight into the catabolic activity of TSSMs on leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids. Finally, we preliminary demonstrate that DCY has an acaricidal potential against TSSMs.

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Chlorophyll and its degradation products in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae: observations using epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

The Digestive System of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the Context of the Mite-Plant Interaction

The Digestive System of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the Context of the Mite-Plant Interaction

The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles

Biology of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae): Ultrastructure, Photosynthesis, Guanine Transcriptomics, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls Metabolism, and Decoyinine as a Potential Acaricide

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