Chloropicrin formation during oxidative treatments in the preparation of drinking water

Merlet, N.; Thibaud, H.; Doré, M.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(85)90332-8

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Where available, the yields of N-DBPs from specific algae species cultured under laboratory conditions were also collated ( [51][52][53] Table 4). Data about N-DBP formation as measured by disinfecting model compounds using FP protocols was also collected and converted into molar conversion yields ( [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 2). These yields were then used to estimate the levels of N-DBPs that are formed on the basis of precursor concentrations in environmental samples (from WTWs, WWTWs or surface waters) ( [5,25,30,31,37,41,46,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62], Table 5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitromethane itself has been reported to form chloropicrin at a 45% yield [44] (Table 2). Nitrophenols also act as precursors, with 3-nitrophenol having the highest conversion yield of 53%, compared with 0.91-5.7% for 2-nitrophenol [44,92] (Table 2).…”

Section: Halonitromethanes (Hnms) and Their Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Hence using conversion yields from laboratory FP tests will often overestimate DBPs relative to the same precursors exposed to lower disinfectant concentrations, disinfectant contact times, and temperatures, as in actual WTWs. Trimethylamine As above Chlorine 0.4% [37] Nitromethane Chlorine 45% [44] Glycine As above Ozone then chlorine 8.7% [43] Lysine Ozone then chlorine 1.1% [43] Triethanolamine Ozone then chlorine 12.8% [14] The detection of aquatic amino acids is usually achieved by established high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, which involve some form of pre-derivatisation step. For the analysis of total amino acids some form of acid hydrolysis precedes the derivatisation, whereas for free amino acids the hydrolysis step is omitted.…”

Section: Analysis Of N-dbps and Their Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These tests are designed to maximise DBP formation and so use an excess of disinfectant, and they typically consider a range of contact times (1 h-10 days, [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 3) and, to a lesser degree, temperatures (normally 20-25 • C, [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 3). Hence using conversion yields from laboratory FP tests will often overestimate DBPs relative to the same precursors exposed to lower disinfectant concentrations, disinfectant contact times, and temperatures, as in actual WTWs.…”

Section: Analysis Of N-dbps and Their Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water––A critical review and analysis

Bond

Templeton

Graham

2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

257

107

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Halonitromethanes (Hnms) and Their Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Analysis Of N-dbps and Their Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysis Of N-dbps and Their Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water––A critical review and analysis

Bond

Templeton

Graham

2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

257

107

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“…Contrary to the other DBPs, trichloronitromethane increased in the sample simulating extended ozonation ('100 ppm' O 3 ,Cl 2 ). Increased formation of trichloronitromethane by ozonation followed by chlorination is known in drinking water treatment [27,28]. Since elevated level of trichloronitromethane were also observed in the ozone dosage only samples ('100 ppm' O 3 ), trichloronitromethane can be identified as an ozonation byproduct.…”

Section: Effect Of Ozone On Formation Of Miscellaneous Dbpsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of ozonation of swimming pool water on formation of volatile disinfection by-products – A laboratory study

Hansen

Spiliotopoulou²,

Cheema

et al. 2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Ozonation experiments were performed using unchlorinated tap water used for filling municipal swimming pools, actual pool water and pool water polluted by addition of fresh tap water and artificial body fluid to evaluate ozone kinetics and water quality effects on formation of volatile disinfection byproducts during subsequent chlorination. The ozone reaction was observed to behave according to first order kinetics. For tap water half-life was 4 min whilst polluted and unpolluted pool water exhibited half-life of 8 and 11 min, respectively. When ozonation dosage was repeated half-life of ozone was approximated 17-19 min in all samples. Subsequent chlorination revealed ozone removed reactivity of dissolved organic carbon toward chlorine for tap and polluted pool water, decreasing formation rate of trihalomethanes (TTHM). In pool water higher rates of TTHM formation was observed after the initial ozone dosage, however this decreased with subsequent treatments. For tap and polluted pool water, ozone reacted directly with the pollutants resulting in a short ozone half-life, removing reactivity towards chlorine oxidation and preventing TTHM production. Conversely for pool water samples, due to the long half-life of ozone, the molecule decomposed to hydroxyl radicals. These in turn reacted with aqueous organic matter increasing chlorine reactivity and rates of TTHM formation. Formation of other non-regulated volatile byproducts (e.g. dichloracetonitrile, trichlorpropanone and trichloronitromethane) was observed to increase in pool water with ozone treatment. Thus, ozonation dosage regimes should be designed such that ozone mostly oxidizes fresh pollutants before chlorine is able to react with it.

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Effect of UV Irradiation and UV/Chlorine Processes on Trichloronitromethane Formation During Chlorination of Ronidazole

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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The effect of UV irradiation and UV/chlorine processes on the formation of trichloromethane (CF) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) from ronidazole (RNZ) disinfection was investigated in this study. Effects of reaction time, pH, and irradiation intensity on disinfection by‐product (DBP) formation were studied during chlorination, UV irradiation, and UV/chlorine processes. The formation potential (FP) of CF and TCNM increased with the increase of chlorination time and reached maximum of 50.6 and 5.0 µg/L, respectively, at pH 8. UV irradiation could increase CF and TCNM formation slightly during post‐chlorination, while the UV/chlorine process could increase the formation potential of TCNM significantly during post‐chlorination with short irradiation time and low UV intensity (e.g., FPTCNM = 459.4 µg/L; UV irradiation: 1.53 mW/cm2 for 20 min). Under UV condition, the formation of CF and TCNM with post‐chlorination increased with the increasing of pH. However, under UV/chlorine condition, the formation of TCNM reached the highest concentration under neutral condition. The DBP formation potential of RNZ during disinfection in the filtered drinking water was also detected. It turned out that disinfection of filtered drinking water with RNZ led to the formation of more DBPs (except the formation of TCNM in the UV/chlorine process) than ultra‐pure water with RNZ only.

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Chloropicrin formation during oxidative treatments in the preparation of drinking water

Cited by 63 publications

References 2 publications

Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water––A critical review and analysis

Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water––A critical review and analysis

Effect of ozonation of swimming pool water on formation of volatile disinfection by-products – A laboratory study

Effect of UV Irradiation and UV/Chlorine Processes on Trichloronitromethane Formation During Chlorination of Ronidazole

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